Anne Frank †Short Essay Essay

The session that I attended at The Anne Frank Project on September 11, 2009 was Beyond the Diary: Behind the scenes of a Jewish Family in Hiding with Sophia Veffer. Even though I learned some things about the Holocaust during middle school, there still were things that I did not know. The reason why I attended this session is because I wanted to know how some of the Jews were able to survive the Holocaust and I also wanted to know what Sophia’s experience was like actually being a child during the Holocaust. This session connected to the overall theme of the conference because Sophia talked about what she and Anne Frank both had to go through and how some people in different countries still go through similar situations. Today there are still people who get treated differently because of what they look lie or where they come from. Sophia said that if Anne Frank were still alive she would probably try to make a difference by putting an end to these genocides. I was very glad that I got a chance to sit in Sophia’s session because I got to learn about the Holocaust from an actual survivor. She told us how her and her family had eleven different hiding places. I couldn’t even imagine what her childhood must have been like. She had to get rid of everything she owned even her identity. She also talked about how some Jews were not able to go in hiding and the reason was is they had to have money. The only families that went into hiding had money and they knew non Jewish people who would let them hide in their homes. One thing that really upset me is when Sophia said that the Germens pretended as if they did not know what was going on with the Jews. This really made me sad because how could you know that someone is doing wrong and not care to try to change it and make a difference? There are many different issues going on in the world today. One global issue that is of concern to me is homelessness. Every time I see a person out on the street I always think to myself their shoes can fit my feet. I do not mind helping others because after I do a good deed I always feel really good about myself and nothing can take that feeling away. This issue inspires me to try 2 make a small difference by giving them change or bringing them food. One day when me and my sister were driving up the street we saw sum homeless people and their sign said that they were hungry so we went to Mcdonalds and brought them sum burgers. Making a difference starts with a small deed then before you know it your changing the world.

Impact of Portuguese Estado Da India

MANSABDARI SYSTEM IN MUGHAL DYNASTY Mansab was the generic term for the military type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal empire. The mansabdars governed the empire and commanded its armies in the emperor’s name. The term is derived from Mansab, meaning rank. Hence,Mansabdari literally means rank-holder. Basically,the mansabdar system was borrowed from Persia. It was prevalent during the reign of Babur and Humayun. Mansabdar was a title used in the armed services of the Mughal empire.The term is derived from Mansab, standing for rank,mansabdar literally means a rank holder in military. A mansabdar was engaged in the service of the state and was obligated to render service. The mansabdars formed a military aristocracy which proved an admirable instant in the organization of Chengiz and Timur. Theâ€Å" mansab† meant rank. Different numbers which could be divided by ten were used for ranking officers. It was also meant for fixing the salaries and allowances of officers.Since,the mansabdars of the mughal empire received their pay either in cash(naqd) or in the form of assignments of areas of land(jagir) from which they were entitled to collect the land revenue and all other taxes sanctioned by the emperor,the mansabdar system was also an integrated part of the agrarian and the jagirdari system. This system introduced by Akbar . It was a unique feature of the administrative system of the Mughal Empire. The term mansab (i. e. officer,position,rank)in the mughal administrative indicated the rank of its holder(mansabdar) in the official hierarchy. It was of central Asian origin.According to one view Babur brought it to North India. DEVELOPMENT OF MANSABDARI SYSTEM- During the reign of Akbar, the lowest rank was that of number ten and the highest was that of twelve thousand. The mansab above five thousand and later on that of seven thousand was given only to princes of royal blood. Jahangir and Shahjahan awarded mansab to their officers upto t he number only three thousand while royal princes were given mansabs upto the number of forty thousand. Akbar introduced the mansabdari system in the mughal army which primarily meant the ranking of officers on decimal system.Mansabdari system was the novelty of army organisation of the mughals. It was introduced by Akbar and was kept as it was with minor changes upto the reign of Aurangzeb. The later mughals gave mansabs upto number of fifty thousand. All officers below the rank of the mansab of five hundred were called mansabdars,the officers enjoying the mansab from five hundred to two thousand five hundred were called amir-i-azam and amir- i-umda. Some historians described,that the mansabdars were required to maintain soldiers equivalent to the number of rank awarded to them.Classification of mansab which has been highlighted with chengiz khan who had divided his army 10-10000. In this matter any thing cannot be said how many horsemen were kept by any mansab,because Jama was bei ng exaggrated. When state got information about the situation of the agriculture and economy. Akbar took decision to control the situation which was quite different from written statements in the office. The main motto behind this was to implement dagh system. It means every mansabdar had to got registered his documents for face.Number of horses and their quality was checked and those who was not able to fulfill the criteria they were punished. According to badauni,who was also mansabdar of twenty rank. First mansab was given mansab of 20. So that he could serve the palace according to the situation. Aamir opposed dagh system and they were not ready for special sign which had been given to their horses. During dagh system create small aamir had taken power in their hand. Sometimes they used it to disturb reputted aamir, some shahi diwans who adopted hard ways due to this agitation happened in Bengal and Bihar in 1580 for which Akbar tried to remove this.Day by day dagh system was go ing to strict but mansabdars did not keep actual number of horsemen during any ocassion of the demonstration they took horses of others and did the formality. In many respects,the basic features were first delineated by Moreland and Abdul Aziz but their views have been greatly refined and often substantially revised by M. Athar Ali and Irfan Habib. Mansabdari which had been brought by Mughals was unique system. By and large, it has been here,mansab was the rank by which a man used to get honour in his salary for promotion.He was a appointed in administrative service or in the King’s court. Given mansab to aamir was pay to 10 to 5000. Although mansab word was used for all the mansabdars. Below 1000 all the persons were said mansabdars. It was assumed that time it is a system in which you have to promote yourself on the basis of your talent and wisdom. From 500 to 10000 mansab was reserved for shahi family but Akbar gave this mansab to his relative mansingh and brother Mirza Az iz Koka. There were tthirty-three grades of mansab ranging from commanders of 10 to commanders of 10000.Till the middle of Akbar’s reign , the highest rank an ordinary officer hold was that of a commanders of 5000 the more enalted grades between commanders of 7000 and 10000 were reserved for the royal princes. During the period following the reign of Akbar, the grades were increased upto 20000 or even more. There was no distinction between civil and military departments, officers both civil and military held mansabs and were liable to be transferred from one branch of the administration to another. Each mansabdars were expected to maintain prescribed number of horses,elephants,equipments etc according to his rank and dignity.Senior mansabdar were awarded a jagir(personal fief) rather than a salary. The mansab was not hereditary and it automatically lapsed after the death or dismissal of the mansabdars. Khwandamir tells us that at the command of the emperor Hindu has the salar ies of the military personnel and also the grades(maratib) of the he Imperial servants. The salaries of mansabdars were fixed according to their mansabs,while the rates for their troopers were sanctioned separately. Moreover the mansabdars were to maintain a separate stable of animals (elephants and horses) their own according to their mansabs.Akbar organized the nobility and his army by means of the mansabdari system. The ranks normally given to top officers and nobles were valued from 10 to 5000 later raised to 7000. But the credit going it an institutional framework goes to Akbar who made it the basis of Mughal military organization and civil administration. The mansabdars formed the ruling group in the Mughal Empire. Consequently,the numerical strength of the mansabdars and their composition during different periods materially influenced not only politics and administration but also the economy of the Empire.ZAT AND SAWAR-The mansabdars were differentiated by the Zat and Sawar r ank. Mansabdar had a zat or personal ranking and a sawar or a troop ranking. The mansabdars belonged both to the civil and military departments. They were transferred from the civil side to the military departments. They were transferred from the the civil side to the military department and vice versa. The mughal mansab was dual , represented by one designated zat(personal rank) and the other sawar(cavalry rank). In Akbar’s reign the mansabs ranged from command of 10 to 5000 troops.Subsequently, the highest mansabs were raised from 10000 to 12000 but there was no fixed number of mansabdars. During the reign of Akbar ,introduced the rank of zat and sawar in the mansabdari system was that ,every mansabdar was given the rank of sawar as well as that of zat. A mansabdar was paid rupees two per horse. In his period,the mansabdar were asked to keep as many horsemen as were indicated by numbers of their ranks of sawar. Every grade of his mansabdars holding the rank of five thousand or below it were divided into three categories.If a mansabdar had equal ranks zat and sawar ,he was of first category among his grade of mansabdar . i. e. if a mansabdar enjoyed the rank of five thousand zat and five thousand sawar then he was of the first category among the mansabdars of five thousand. If a mansabdar had the rank of sawar lower than the rank of zat but not lower than half of it then he belonged to the second category. i. e. if a mansabdar enjoyed the rank of five thousand zat and three thousand or two hundred and five hundred sawar then he belonged to the second category among the mansabdars of five thousand.And lastly, if a mansabdar enjoyed the rank of sawar which was less the half of his rank of zat then he belonged to the third category among his grade of mansabdars. A separate department was organized for the purpose of horses and elephants is called Dagh-Mahali. Akbar , of course ;deserved credit for imploring the army- organization of the Mughals. Akbarâ₠¬â„¢s death mansab was explained in two numerical representatives:the first zat determined the holder’s personal pay and the status in the hierarchy ,the second sawar indicated the number of horsemen to be maintained by the holder and set the amount sanctioned to cover their pay.Akbar introduced the sawar rank in his 11th regnal year (1566-67). Mansab as a single rank is further supported by the Tabaqat’s different way of expressing mansabs in terms of numbers of troopers(sawars or naukars). The sawars were distinguised in two classes- sih-aspa du aspa and barawardis. Irfan Habib to bring out the significance under Akbar of the term barawardis , as a pre-dagh uniform payment per unit of sawar rank ,which was intented to be adjusted after the dagh. Ain that clearly defines the term barawardi and implies that the final salary was fixed on the basis of the contingent of troopers actually brought to the brand(dagh).The pay sanctioned after dagh was determined by such facto rs as the number of horses mustered along with the troopers and the breed of horses. In other words, the 18-19 regnal years, we shows that- a. A single number was awarded as mansab. b. Each mansab indicated as per schedule ,a particular amount of monthly personal pay for the mansab-holder. c. Against each mansab,its holder was called upon to maintain different numbers of war and transport ,for which he was paid additional allowances at detailed rates laid down in official schedules. d. The mansab- holder was called upon to maintain horsemen equal to the number of the mansab. . An advance payment for the mansab was made at a rate called bar-awardi. Its the balance of full payment was made or at any rate became due after the contingent of the mansabdar was actually presented for inspection and brand(dagh). APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTION OF MANSABDARS- Every candidate for a mansab had to provide a surely(zama) and this rule was extremely rigorously enforced. It appears that bankers or mone y lenders of standing were accepted as sureties by the administration. The mansabdar recuirement and promotion was gradually viewed as atedious job,especially when gaining a surety.It was specially needed that soldiers should be capable and worthy. A record of every sawar was kept and the horses were branded. They invited the king to impact their soldiers. The procedure for the grant of promotions to mansabdars was similar to the procedure for the grant of the initial mansab. The recommendation for promotion was usually made by princes,commanders under whom. Gallantry in millitary service and merit occupied a pride place, at the oher end of the scale stood the promotions granted on acknowledgement of a handsome present or peshkash from a noble.Promotion was also generally though not invariably, given when an officer was fixed to really deserve a superior post. In every cases, the ranks of mansabdars being increased. The mansabdears appointed during the reigns of the Mughal Emperors shows that some groups were more favoured category were the sons and close kinsmen of persons who were already in service. This group was called Khanazad. The rulers of autonomous principalities formed yet another group which received prefential treatment in rank and promotion. MAINTENANCE OF TROOPS AND PAYMENTS-Mansabdars were asked to present their contingnents for regular inspection and physical verification. All the horses presented for inspection by a particular noble were branded with a specific pattern to distinguish these from those of other nobles through a real(dagh). It was a special procedure. The physical description of troops(chehra) was also recorded. The scale of salary was fixed for the zat rank but one rank had no arithmetical or proportionate relationship with the other. Under Akbar zat rank above 5000 was given only to the princes. It is an integral part of Mughal administration.Jahangir started the system of Du-aspa and Sih- aspa. The full sawar rank of mansabda r was made du-aspa and sih-aspa. For example- If a mansab held a mansab of 4000 zat 4000 sawar he may be granted huma do aspa sih aspa (all two- three horses) in this case the original sawar rank would be ignored,and the mansabdar will maintain double the number of du- ispa sih aspa, then it would mean that out of the original sawar rank of 4000, tha bawardi troopers will be only 2000 and the additional rank of 2000 du aspa sih aspa will double itself to 4000 ordinary troopers.Thus the total number of horsemen would be 6000. Generally, the sawar rank could not be higher than zat rank. Shah jahan gave the mansabdars the new pay scale, monthly ratio and framed new rules to assign the jagirs. He prepared the registers which containing the database of jagirs. The jagirs were not edtimated in rupee but in Dams. The estimate of the revenue in the jagir is called jama. It is always calculated till almost the death of Akbar in copper coins called Dam(48 dam equals 1 rupee). Therefore it was called Jama-dami.Moreland mainly focussed rank. He has distinguish between the two kinds of rank,the original mansab,which governed the personal allowances,was known as the zat rank and the additional men were designated by the word sawar. Double rank had to maintain two contingents-(a. )some horsemen paid out of his personal salary , and (b. )some extra or additional horsemen paid from the allowance provided for this purpose. During Aurangzeb’s time the high class mansabdari increased in number and there were lack of jagirs to be given to them.The kings and his ministers put a check on the recruitment of new mansabdars. Yet due to changed circumtances,the recruitment could not be stopped. The result was that the system cracked after Aurangzeb and came to an end. It was noticed that the actual revenue collection (hasil) always fell short of the estimated income. In such a situation,the mansabdars salaries were fixed by a method called month-scales. For examples-If a jagir yi elded only half of the jama, it was called shashmaha(six monthly). If it yielded only one fourth , it was considered sihmaha(three monthly).The monthly scale was applied to cash salaries also. The largest deductions were from the Deccans,who had to pay a fourth part(chauthsi). There were other deductions known as khurak dawwah belonging to the Emperor. THE SYSTEM OF ESCHEAT-Especially, those of the European travellers,refer to the practice wherby the Emperor took possession of the wealth of the nobles after their death. The practice is known as escheat(zabt). The reason was that the nobles often took loan from the state which remained unpaid till their death.It was duty of the khan saman to take over the nobles property and adjust the state demand,after which the rest of the property was given to the heirs or sometimes distributed by the Emperor among the heirs himself without any regard for the Islamic Inheritance laws. In 1666,Aurangzeb issued a farman that after the death of a no ble without heirs his property would be deposited in the state treasury. It seems that is most cases it depended on the power of the Emperor. THE EVOLUTION OF MANSABDARI SYSTEM-The Mansabdar came from all castes such as-Mughal,Pathans,Rajputs.Humayun did not continue this system. The first stage starts from 1556 and this stage remains more or less stagnent for the last ten years. i. e. from the accession of Akbar till 1566-67 in which there is practically no rule of the mansab. The second stage starts from 1567 onwards when an attempt was made to fix up the size of the contingent according to the salary of the mansabdar and on the basis of the collection of the revenue of the jagir assigned to him. The third stage which is the most important one starts from 1573-74 when a mansabdar was given a certain number.The last stage which finalised or formalized the mansabdari system came in 1595-96. This suggest that the mansabdari system has finally around 1595-96,it is not a sudden one , i t has developed through long period of experiment in which there was a struggle between the crown and nobility. But by 1595-96 the struggle was over. COMPOSITION OF MANSABDARS-The Mansabdars, in practice considered heredity as an important factor. It appears that the khanzads (house-born,descendants of mansabdar) had the first claim.Out of a total number of 575 mansabdars holding the rank of 1000 and above during the reign of Aurangzeb,the khanzads numbered about 272. Apart from the khanzads , a number of mansabdars were recruited from the zamindars. Out of 575 mansabdars in 1707,therewere 81 zamindars. The mughals also welcomed Persian. Chagatai,Uzbeks as well as the Deccanis in the mansabdari. CONCLUSION- Mansabdari was the main institution of the Mughal Empire,which embraced both civil and military sectors of administration. Mansabdars and their large forces were used to expand the empire and administer if effectively.It is true that mansabdars had been role player in the develop ment of mughal states,became they had compailed mughal emperor to think about new challenges. There diplomatic policy regarding horsemen and other job had given new challenges to the emperor. Especially ,Akbar had been founder of mansab system. In his reign of 11th year Moreland and Abdul Aziz had studied a lot that’s why their contribution is corregiable. On the basis of Ain-i-Akbari as a quisar,had not supported it. According to him zat and sawar had been enforced in 1573-74. And Irfan Habib had supported it.Again,Shireen Moosvi has not supported it due to muntqab-ubd-qabai(badauni) and Ikbal nama-e-jahangir(mutmid khan). According to Abul –fazl mansab was related to mansabdar . As a quisar has written about this in the regime of 18th years. That system was â€Å"dagh system†was collection of animals and a chart was prepared for it†;Abul fazl said. Khurake philas(fooder of elephants) and irmas were system by which salary was deducted in order to by foode r and horses. The salaries and obligation of maintaining troops were governed by a definite set of rules which underwent changes from time to time.For revenue purposes,all the land was divided into two main types-The Jagir and Khalisa. The number of mansabdars rose from 2069 at the time of Jahangirs accession in 1605 to 8000 in 1637 Shahjahan’s reign and to 11,546 during the latter half of the Aurangzeb’s reign. REFERENCES- 1. The Evolution of the Mansab System under Akbar until 1596-7-SHIREEN MOOSVI. 2. Rank Mansab in the Mogul State Service-W. H. MORELAND. 3. Medieval India(1526-1761)-SATISH CHANDRA. 4. Medieval India(750-1540)-HARISHCHANDRA VERMA.

Relational Skills Reflection Paper Essay

The purpose of this paper is to allow me, the learner to analyze and reflect on a video created between an actor and themselves. Using my knowledge obtained I was to effectively incorporate trust, respect, honesty and effective communication, as they are key principles in establishing a relationship with a client (RNAO, 2002). During this experience, I encountered an issue that I believe is significant in my development as a nurse. I was placed into a scenario involving a 47 year old patient named John, who was waiting to be discharged after suffering his first heart attack. Finding the patients quietly sitting in a chair watching the floor as I entered the room, I felt the need to be in the moment with him. The issue that seemed significant to pay attention to in this scenario was my patient’s feelings of being overwhelmed by his medical condition and the changes that needed to be made (Appendix A). Sitting within good distance and showing respectable body language showed him respect, while acknowledging he had my full attention was displayed to the patient by making comments such as yes and I understand (Appendix A). Through the use of open-ended questions, I was able to identify what was meaningful and concerning to john. John showed a lot of concern around his ability to care for himself so this doesn’t happen again, and being able to support his family (Appendix A). Knowing his concerns, I was then able to acquire the necessary knowledge needed to participate effectively in our nurse-client relationship (RNAO). This experience has allowed me to develop further in my role as a nurse. My patients comment on how our encounter gave him more encouragement to face his challenges was proof that my communication methods were effective in developing a therapeutic relationship (Appendix A). The opportunity to set aside my own concerns and focusing on the patients, allowed me to be in the moment with the patients. In those moments, the experience helped me become a better nurse as my actions made me feel more confident after each successful encounter. Watching his facial expressions and drawing in his positive responses allowed me to watch him develop confidence in my ability to care and in turn, allowe d me to develop confidence in myself (Appendix A). The significant actors in this experience were the individual playing the part of â€Å"John† and myself, the nurse attending to the patients needs. My role in the scenario was to identify the concerns of the patient and help them to obtain knowledge. Providing  resources for my patient gave him options that were specific to his concerns such as a well balanced diet and proper exercise. The options of meeting with a nutritionist to help make healthy meal choices, and with a physiotherapist to help develop custom exercises to take with him on the road encouraged John to change his routines (Appendix A). Taking note of my patient’s feelings of being overwhelmed by his heart attack, I was able to give him some comfort when offering to find an individual recovering from a heart attack that would be willing to sit down and share their life stories and methods of coping (Appendix A). The patient’s role in this experience was to help create a therapeutic relationship. I first observed my patient with her arms and legs crossed and staring down at the floor with concerned look on his face (Appendix A). Comparing the first image to the end of the scenario showed an individual that was interested in making a change, a smile on his face and as he stated, an â€Å"encouraged† perception of his health (Appendix A). The client was in need of direction and help with making the appropriate changes to ensure a healthy lifestyle after having his heart attack. I was able to provide her with resources such as a nutritionist, physiotherapist and social support to adjust to life changes (Appendix A). While meeting the needs of my patient, I was successful in completing my own personal needs. Coming into the experience with knowledge of possible resources available, the anxiety present upon introduction had disappeared after gaining acceptance from my patient through effective communication. The development of a therapeutic relationship allowed both the pat ient and I to gain from the experience. The patient left feeling encouraged and satisfied, as I felt successful and confident in how I handled the situation (appendix A). Before the taping of the scenario began, I was trying to achieve the perfect scenario while presenting a professional image of a nurse. I acted the way I did due to the lack of experience in the spotlight and I allowed my nerves affect my thought process. This is demonstrated throughout the entire video as I kept returning to the same question â€Å"are there any concerns you have†, and trying to solve the patients problem instead of helping them understand and cope with the emotions that are attached to the experience (Appendix A). My feelings, thoughts and responses during this experience were influenced  by my personal view and the presence of my preceptor placed me in a nervous state to which I became unsure of how to respond properly to my patient’s thoughts. This experience allowed me to feel capable of my skill levels and feel confident as a nurse. Overall this scenario showed perception of my growth through the friendly gestures and facial expressions of the p atient. Anxiety and stress diminish communication, interpersonal effectiveness and empathy within a nurse-patient relationship (Beddoe and Murphy, 2004). Lack the knowledge and understanding of why I am feeling this anxiety, even with positive reflections on my experience, allowed me to evaluate what I did wrong. Future encounters will help me to reflect on the scenario and blindside my anxiety before it has an effect on my actions. Having a limited amount of empirical knowledge made it challenging to let the patient know exactly what to expect after having a heart attack and what daily routines have to be adjusted. Obtaining empirical knowledge from my education regarding the components of a nurse-client relationship reminded me that I needed to place the power into my patient and develop respect and trust within the relationship (CNO, 2004). Personal knowledge was limited in this scenario as it was my first time being placed in the spotlight with a patient and I was unsure of how everything would unfold. Introducing my aesthetic knowledge was shown when I offered to find John an individual recovering from a heart attack that he could speak with (Appendix A). Throughout the experience, I became more aware of the patients feelings as I picked up on Johns overwhelmed feelings and concerns around providing for his wife and son (Appendix A). This perception of the experience is seen as John believe that he should have seen the heart attack coming before it occurred (Appendix A). He stated the he felt encouraged by this experience and felt he had more options to seek. The wife was more of a background actor, but was said to be a â€Å"sweet woman†, who has helped a lot throughout the experience (Appendix A). Valuing ones beliefs and concerns based on an experience is something all nurses should consider. Giving John multiple options and resources to consider instead of telling him what he has to do, have given him the power to make all the necessary changes within his life with the help of his wife and son (Appendix A). If I was given the opportunity to be placed in a similar situation in the  future, I believe that my anxiety would still be present, but more control over the situation would be noticeable due to the knowledge I have developed on therapeutic relationships. The relationship skills that I could have performed differently during this experience, was my self-awareness of human emotions. My nerves had played a role in distracting my train of thought when trying to be in the moment with the patient. Repeatedly asking the patient if he had any other concerns he would like to address may have given him the feeling of being rushed and that I was not interested in how he was feeling emotionally (Appendix A). On a few occasions, I would finish my patients sentence for him as I felt he was stuck for words, this may have allowed the patient to know I was listening to what he was saying, but also might have given him the idea that I was being rude (Appendix A). During the introduction stage of the experience, my patient told me he was in the hospital due to a heart attack. Empathy is the appreciation of the patient’s emotions and expression of awareness of what they are presenting (Haslam, 2007). My nerves caused me to overlook his feelings and just right into asking him about any concerns he might have with his state of health (Appendix A). It is possible to slip into a task-and time-orientated way of thinking to get jobs done, thereby neglecting effective communication with patients (Cocker, 2008). Consequences that may have developed from overlooking the patients feelings was the challenge of developing a closer relationship with the client as I was interested in obtaining information to help me solve his problems. Rushing my patient through the experience may have caused him to close himself off from the relationship as he may have felt that I was not listening to what he was truly feeling. This would leave the patient in the same state he had entered the experience with. The sources of knowledge that I could use to enhance my relational skills in these areas, is to take the time to practice with a partner a variety of scenarios that would help me develop my communication skills and place more focus on the patients feelings. The outcome of this experience was positive as my patient left feeling more encouraged and had obtained multiple resources to help him incorporate any changes that he may need to adjust within his daily routines (Appendix A). Looking back at this experience I was able to reflect on all of the positive  and negative aspects of a therapeutic relationship. I feel that the next time I am placed in a similar experience, I will be able to blindside my anxiety and personal thoughts and feelings. In turn, I would have the ability to be in the moment with my patients and address not only how I can help solve his problems, but also the feelings and thoughts being experienced. I have learnt that having self awareness identifies what skills I possess and those I need to learn and develop on. Self awareness provides nurses with knowledge of their thoughts, feelings and what they do to become awareness of issues that may affect their ability to intervene effectively (Parsons & White, 2008). Ther e will always be room to learn and improve my skills, and with practice, I will get the chance to watch them become second nature to me. This experience has taught me to avoid all the barriers such as the presence of anxiety in new situations. With confidence in creating an effective therapeutic relationship, I can focus on being in the moment with the patient. I have learnt that my anxiety can affect my interactions with patients, and that it is more than trying to solve the patients problems, it is about showing you care and being there in the moment to listen. This experience has allowed me to realize how a nurse’s action can affect the development of a therapeutic relationship. My ethical knowledge allowed me to recognize my patients overwhelmed feelings due to his health condition and by following my values and beliefs, I knew that he was in need of someone to care and help guide him in the right direction. Using my aesthetic knowledge, I was able to think of possible resources for my patient, and the creative idea of finding a previous heart attack patient showed my patient that I was willing to take that extra step and comfort his feelings. The knowledge gained from this experience can be incorporated into future situations and will allow for proper adjustments and better relationships to be developed. Lacking empirical knowledge before entering the scenario was a barrier that challenged my patient care. Knowing more information on heart attacks would have allowed me to present the patient with more options and what he could expect in the future (RNAO, 2002). Acknowledging my personal knowledge gathered from previous experiences, I considered how I would like to be treated and that anxiety would be present. Knowing this helped me to reduce my fidgeting and respect my patient by actively listening and keeping eye contact (Appendix A). This experience  will influence my future practice as a nurse because I have learnt that nursing is more than working on fixing the patients physical needs, but is more of an ethical interaction where you can take the time to be there in the moment with them. Looking at each experience as a stepping stone toward my success as a nurse and with each successful hurdle crossed, I can confidently await the next. â€Æ'Reference Beddoe, A., and Murphy, S. (2004). Does Mindfulness Decrease Stress and Foster Empathy Among Nursing Students? Journal of Nursing Education, 43(7), 305-12. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source database. (Document ID: 669281021). Carper, B.A. (1978) Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing. New York. Aspen Publishers, Inc. Cocker, J. (2008). Patient dignity. Nursing Standard, 22(25), 59-60. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source database. (Document ID: 1440306621). College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), (2004, January). CNO Practice Standard: Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http://cno.org/docs/prac/41033_Therapeutic.pdfHaslam, N. (2007). Humanising medical practice: the role of empathy. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), 381-2. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source database. (Document ID: 1374608891). Parsons,A., and White, J. (2008). Learning from reflection on intramuscular injections. Nursing Standard, 22(17), 35-40. Retrieved April 4, 2008, from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source database. (Document ID: 1413949861). Registered Nurses of Ontario (RNAO), (2002, Novemeber). Best Practice Guidelines: Establishing Therapeutic Relationships. Retrieved January 15, 2008 from http://www.rnao.org/bestpractices/completed_guidelines/BPG_Guide_C2_TR.asp

Social studies lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social studies lesson - Essay Example To maintain the pluralistic nature of America’s society, each participant in this society should be appreciative of one’s ethnic and background while being tolerant to others. To promote appreciation of one’s ethnicity and appreciate other people’s origin, a month dedicated to commemorating a certain ethnicity shall be held which in this case is the Black History Month. Participating students in this activity will benefit in terms of knowing their own history in the case of Afro-Americans. Other students of different racial origin will also benefit from the commemoration of the Black History month as the event will also serve as a learning exercise for them about America’s past and the Black American’s struggle. In the process, it is expected that students of other racial origin will become more tolerant and accepting of each others’ racial background given the understanding of other student’s racial struggle. America is already an egalitarian society where discrimination no longer or barely exists. Racism is already not tolerated and everybody now can freely pursue whatever their aspirations are. But this freedom seems to be taken for granted. It is hoped that after this lesson plan has been delivered, the black community in the class will become more appreciative of what they have right now given the struggles their forebears had to undergo just to give them the opportunities that they now enjoy and make the most out of it. This lesson plan shall be done in succession where activities are planned in bits for the students to absorb the essence of Black History Month better. While there are lectures and video presentation, discussion and sharing of experiences and point of views are also integrated into the lesson plan to make the learning process more interactive. The games and contests designed for the Black History month are intended to be enjoyable to facilitate easier learning in an atmosphere of fun and socialization. In the

In-Flight Security For Airline Passengers Essay

In-Flight Security For Airline Passengers - Essay Example are to be dealt more cautiously. And now more security provisions are added for airline passengers while in air. The project examines and studies all the security measures adhered to by various airlines including FAMs, Flight Deck Officer, Discrete Codes, Crew Members and Reinforced Cockpit Doors. Their training methods, duties, laws and changed laws after September 11 incident has been mentioned in it. It is highly useful for the general public to be assured regarding the present security provided by the airlines. Even the ethical situation and dilemma has been talked about giving due consideration to the delicate issues. No doubt all the training, requirements and implementation of changed laws needs huge budget. But the Under Secretary and Federal Government are obliged to hold all the cost responsibility of training, supervision, equipment etc. hence leaving no expense to the pilots. Training becomes very ideal when it comes to the security of the public especially when carrying loaded guns to fire when in need. The project clearly shows the comparison between the changed laws before and after the fatal incident of September 11. Budgets have been reformed and the government takes the responsibility. Although TSA initially opposed the Flight Deck Officer program to arm and train cockpit personnel. The conclusion states that the top priority of any organization should be the security of the passengers in airlines. Audience Scenario My project is directly approached to the general public boarding airlines on daily basis. It is to shed all their doubts regarding their security and safety in planes while in air. It will be surely of great help to them to get acquainted to various security methods deployed by airlines for their betterment. After reading the report they'll be more confident and easy while boarding the flights especially after what happened on September

The endings of the films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The endings of the films - Essay Example However, her colleagues had been threatened to be sacked in case they failed to do so. Sandra decided to approach each one of them to secure her fate. Most of her friends’ preferred the bonus, but through her suffering and emotional character, she managed to secure her job. The plot is about a troubled abandoned teenage boy by the name Cyril who was left by his father and was later forced to live in a foster home. After escaping from the house to look for his father and his lost bicycle, he coincidentally manhandles a young woman by the name Samanatha. Samanatha later discovers the boy was emotionally disturbed due to lack of parental love. She decides to care for him and even help him locate his father; but after finding him, his biological father rejects him. Faced by disbelief, Cyril cries uncontrollably showing different emotions like anger, emotional imbalance and total muteness. Samantha carried away by his troubles, decided to help him both emotionally and psychologically, despite numerous betrayal from Cyril. Cyril at different points neglected her and joined a gang group where he robbed a certain father and his son some money. They later avenged the incidence and nearly killed Cyril. Cyril with emotional guidance he got form Samantha, takes his bike and walks away without doing anything to them. There is no satisfying resolution between the two endings. In Two days, one night; Sandra worn the case by securing her job but her boss did not want her back. Her boss blackmailed her colleagues in order to sack her from work. In The kid with a bike, Cyril never died and even though there were suspicions to bury his whereabouts, he decided not to revenge and went away. In the two movies, the lead casts found themselves in involuntary situations where they are abandoned and left on their own, despite their psychological challenges. It shows how people suffer for the problems they found themselves in. The two lead casts are

The Outbreak of World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Outbreak of World War I - Essay Example 231). The German guilt stance was subsequently supported by the absolute majority of non-German historians. During the 1920s, a special department of the German Foreign Office - the War Guilt Section - published full compilation (39 volumes) of Germany's foreign policy documents. The compilation was supposed to demonstrate that Germany was not guilty of the outbreak of hostilities. Other European states also published the same collections of pre-war documents. These documents provided historians with massive data that suggested a revision of the view of solely German responsibility for the war, but did not lead to any major change of views among the historians. Furthermore, the Second World War only reinforced the traditional point of view. As a result, European and American historiography overwhelmingly supports the Germany guilt stance. Thus, Luigi Albertini (1952) believes that although part of the blame for the outbreak of World War I rests with the failure of dipl... In a similar vein, Steiner (1977) argues the German drive for power threatened British interests and British Foreign Minister Sir Edward Grey had no choice but respond defensively to an inevitable German aggression. However, this point of view is not in line with that of David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister who seemed to accept the blame in his War Memoirs (1934) saying that "We muddled into war" (Price, 1981, p.27). Lieven (1983) also claims that Germany's inability to control its militarism was the major factor that the blame for war must "unequivocally rest with the German government" (p.85). And even, Taylor (1969) who is widely known for his famous argument which puts events beyond the control of diplomacies believes that the breakdown of the balance of power due to a self-aggrandizing Germany was the key factor for the First World War. Although remoteness of the event, coupled with the alleged desire of many participants to hide at least part of the truth makes it too difficult to find out what country or who was primarily responsible for the outbreak of hostilities the German guilt still seems to be the most reasonable. International and domestic policy conducted by the Germany leaders convincingly demonstrates that taking the responsibility for the war off her shoulder would be a highly imprudent and unjustified step. Main Discussion The major causes of World War I are often referred to as 'MAIN': Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism. The German build-up of its naval forces was the main reason for deterioration of Anglo-German relations. During only four years after Great Britain, France and the Russian Empire formed the

(Art) Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel Essay

(Art) Michelangelo's ceiling in the Sistine Chapel - Essay Example â€Å"In the same way that a painter could reduce the human form or settings to a play of geometrical figures, so could the merchant simplify all things to geometrical configurations† (Lemaitre & Lessing, 1993, p. 15). This common language forced artists to examine the world a bit more closely while also giving them the ability to display more realistic images that were better able to illustrate the natural world. This led to the development of numerous artistic techniques including linear perspective, chiaroscuro and foreshortening, different artistic mediums such as frescoes and new methods of working in often difficult places. These techniques, medium and need to overcome new challenges were all employed by Michelangelo in completing one of his most famous works, the Sistine Chapel. Before he could even begin painting, the first challenge Michelangelo had to overcome was reaching the ceiling itself. The architect of the ceiling project, Bramante, provided Michelangelo with some scaffolding that was suspended from the ceiling on ropes. â€Å"When Michelangelo saw it, he was convinced that Bramante was trying to discredit him in the eyes of the pope because he knew that when the scaffolding was removed it would leave holes in the ceiling and ruin the painting† (Marszalek & Panagakis, 2004). To avoid this problem, Michelangelo created his own scaffolding which was basically a flat wooden platform supported by brackets. These brackets were built out from the walls near the tops of the windows instead of hanging from the ceiling. They had the extra bonus of being reached via a series of zigzag ladders. With the scaffolding problem solved, the old ceiling was removed and a new coat of a special kind of plaster was applied to start the fresco process. This first layer of plaster, â€Å"called the arriccio, would be spread over the entire ceiling to a thickness of roughly three-quarters of an inch,

Business Valuation and Financial Analysis Essay

Business Valuation and Financial Analysis - Essay Example ATO is an indicator of the efficiency of utilization of assets to generate earnings for the company, and a forecast of this indicator ATO is provided in table no. 2. The value forecasted is considered to be stable over the next five years. Furthermore, it was necessary to forecast the net dividend payout and taking into consideration that it is usually a stable indicator over the years, it was considered to be 35%. The small percentage considered has the intuition that the company will reinvest the other part of the profit in investments, which can provide growth to the company (Fabozzi and Drake, 2009). The forecast for this indicator is provided in table no. 4. The last indicator forecasted was the after-tax cost of debt, which is important considering also the level of leverage of the company (depicted in figure no. 2). The value for this indicator is considered to be stable and is provided in table no. 5. The forecasted leverage is decreasing for the period 2011-2013, and after that is considered an increase in the amount of borrowed resources. A higher leverage ratio can be attractive for the company because debt is deductible, and can be more beneficiary for the company. In order asses the company’s performance for past years and opportunities for the future years, it were analyzed some financial ratios because (Elliot and Elliot, 2011). These financial ratios were computed by using information from the balance sheet and income statement. According to Needles and Powers (2010), the liquidity ratios (e.g. current, quick ratios) measure the company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations. An overview of the most important financial ratios is provided in table no. 6. In order to reach the forecasted sales growth ratios the company will need to invest more in marketing for its products, and probably a more

Misery made me a friend Essay Example for Free

Misery made me a friend Essay It takes an evil person to kill an inocent small boy barely old enough to fend for himself. He was only a young child, he didnt have a chance against a Monster with the strength of twenty grown men. What the Monster did was out of revenge. Revenge is a human nature but is not a good thing. To seek revenge on somebody is a very unrational way of thinking. Two wrongs do not make a right. The Bible even says, if your neighbour hits you in your cheek, turn your face for them to hit you in the other. You should not retaliate. He had watched and learned from the Laceys and knew right from wrong by the time he had first killed. He was an inteligent being, he had the brain of a very knowledgeable proffesor. This was shown in the way he did things. He knew to set up Justine for Willies murder, this would take quick thinking and someone who is on the ball. He knew that the people would look for someone to blame and punish. He did not want them coming in search for him, so when he saw Justine asleep he took his oppertunity. This lets us know he knew how mans laws worked and knew he was doing evil. He also would of known that killing Willie, Elizabeth and setting up Justine, to get her hung, would not correct what Victor did. Another reason which makes the monster unjustified is; he never approached Frankenstien before commiting the murders to try and work out an alternative solution. You could argue that Frankenstien never abandonned the Monster. The Monster ran away. Victor claimed he thought that the monster had died. A more sensible and logical thing to do would of been to talk to Frankenstien first. He could of discussed the issues he had and found out more information. In commiting the murders, he showed a weakness of will. He had choices and elected to kill, this only turned Victor and the rest of mankind against him more. Victor grudgingly put together a female companion for the Monster and backed out before the end. If he approached Victor before killing his younger brother, Victor may of been happy to do it. He may of even been able to make the Monster more attractive or helped him fit in more socially. As he was a very respected man. I feel that the Monster was not justified in his murderous behaviour. I think that he had a lot of difficult situations to get through but things could of been resolved differently. An equimilation of all the things caused the monster to snap and do what he did in my opinion. The reason which makes up my mind is that he didnt try to approach Frankenstein before he lashed out. A lot of a pain could of been avoided that way and in the end, the Monster still didnt get what he wanted. Victor was a very respeced man and came from a respected familly, withhis help i feel the Monster could of eventually been accepted by people: Take The Elephant Man, his story is very similar to the Monsters. He was a man who had a disease causing his ead to be very large and have large tumors all over his body. He was very diformed and ugly. He was always looked at as a freak. He was abused by other humans around him but never had the strength to seek revenge. He was found by a doctor who looked after him and helped him. After a lot of education and confidence building he was eventually accepted into the community. The help of the doctor made The Elephant Man feel wanted and gave him a meaning to his life. He died a happy man. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Moral Decisions In Daily Life

Moral Decisions In Daily Life Moral decision making is something every human does on a daily basis, modifying their behavior to obey standards of society which are based upon a shared system of values. In its most simplistic form, moral decision making is done with ethical motives in mind, concerned with the distinction between right and wrong by each individual. Moral decision making models and theories provide specific guides and rules to help individuals unravel their moral deliberations. Two of the most well-known moral decision making models in philosophy are consequentialism and deontological theory, both of which have strengths and weaknesses. The two models do share some commonality but there are many issues at which they stand at opposition. All of this must be taken into consideration before choosing which moral decision making model best fits an individual. The consequentialist moral decision making theory states that an action is considered morally right provided that the consequences which result are more positive than negative. A good aphorism for describing the backbone of consequentialism is that the ends justify the means. Provided that a good outcome results from an act, that act is considered morally just. Consequentialism can be agent-neutral or agent-focused and the two approaches are worth discussing to better understand the moral decision making model. Agent-Neutral consequentialism ignores the specific affect an action has for any certain individual and instead focuses on the consequences benefitting all. Agent-Focused consequentialism, on the other hand, is when the results of the moral decision are concentrated on the needs of the decision maker. This means that the moral actor makes their decision so that consequences resulting better themselves and the welfare of those they care about and not just the general welfare of society. The deontological moral decision making theory is a different form of moral reasoning than consequentialism for a variety of reasons. As opposed to consequentialism, deontological moral theory states that the rightness of an action or decision is not solely dependent upon maximizing the good of society. Instead, deontological theory defines the morally rightness or wrongness of an action from the behavior of the action itself, not the behavior of the outcome. Deontological moral decision making provides distinct guidelines for morally right and wrong behavior for individuals to use when making day to day choices. This deontological moral guide places a higher value on the individual than on maximizing the good for society. In fact, deontology actually has constraints to stop an individual from maximizing the good if it hinders following the moral standards of the guideline. Deontology is more open to interpretation than consequentialism, however, because it remains flexible for self- interpretation. Consequentialism possesses strengths as a moral model that deontology does not. One of the strongest points in favor of consequentialism is actually another theory which resulted from it known as utilitarianism. Utilitarianism was founded by Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher, who believed that the best moral action would result in the greatest good for the largest amount of people. Following it allows for relaxed tensions in society ensuring that the most people feel pleasure, rather than a large amount of individuals on edge or in pain. However, consequentialism possesses weaknesses in its moral decision making too. Consequentialism causes irresolvable morality dilemmas as it requires correlating principles which cannot be compared against one another on the same scale. A resulting weakness of utilitarianism is that it is so focused on the interest of all that it overlooks the rights of the individual which can lead to injustice. The most unavoidable weakness of consequentialis m is that is does not provide any direction to its followers for which actions are right or wrong, morally. The wrongness of the action can only be determined by its consequences and by that time its too late to change the decision. Deontological moral theory also possesses its own unique strengths and weaknesses. One of the advantages of deontological morality is that it allows the individual to take into account their families, friends, and personalized plans when making ethical decisions, as opposed to consequentialism which tends to be alienating in its decision making module. By putting more stress on the self-worth and personal capital of the individual deontology results in a less flawed moral theory. Immanuel Kant, a well-known deontological philosopher, and his Kantian ethics are a strength of deontology as well because he stated that its not the consequences of the actions that are right or wrong but rather the motives of the person doing the action. This forces the agent to take responsibility for all parts of their moral decision making, not only the results. However, the biggest weakness of deontology is that it categorizes actions as right or wrong, black or white, leaving no room for any gray area despite the obvious existence of many moral gray areas. Deontology is also hard to follow because its stringency leaves its followers feeling unguided by their morals which lack prioritizing, ultimately causing confusion. These are only two moral decision making models in philosophy and neither are necessarily the ideal. It is my belief that the ideal moral decision making process must combine the strengths of consequentialism and deontology while attempting to compensate for their errors. The best decision making process must involve an individuals own moral beliefs combined with the knowledge that can be gained from studying a large amount of moral theories and opinions. Morals are subjective, meaning that each person or group of people may possess their own set which differs from those of others. This is why the ideal process must be personalized to meet the needs of the individual following it. This compensates for deontologys inadequate claim of unchanging principles known as universal law. However, it should include the aspect of deontology that forces a person to be morally responsible for their own actions as this is its best idea. By forcing an individual to take into account how their decisi on will affect them and their own rather than society, leads, I believe, to better moral decisions being made. This combination decision making theory will also make use of the principle of utility, the best idea of Jeremy Bentham, which teaches individuals to do the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people. This combined with deontologys focus on the individuals rights dissipates the danger of consequentialism justifying genocide, torture or violence as necessary means to a morally right end. The ideal moral decision making process is difficult to pinpoint, as morals vary by individual and are subjective to different opinions from one person to the next. However, there are aspects of modern philosophical theories, consequentialism and deontology, which can be studied and used to help create an ideal guideline. Consequentialism is important because it focuses on the results of an action for the good of humanity, something which cannot be overlooked in an increasingly globalized world. Deontology forces the moral agent to take responsibility for their own actions instead of relying on someone else to care, just as important to maintaining moral societal standards. Together the two create checks and balances, which, when combined with an individuals beliefs, allow for moral decision making to occur with limited room for error.

Why Britain Able To Win Battle Of Britain History Essay

Why Britain Able To Win Battle Of Britain History Essay In the summer of 1940, the RAF stood alone against the might of the Luftwaffe for aerial supremacy over Britain. Britain was able to win the battle of Britain due to a number of factors; however, the most important reason is that of the error made by Hitler on the 7th of September to change the targets of the Luftwaffe away from aerial bases and to towns and cities. This alone, did not result in the success of Britain in the Battle, other important long term factors such as Britain being an island and RADAR brought considerable triumph as well. Britain was an island, this meant that the Blitzkrieg tactic that enabled Germany to plough through Belgium and France, which relied on close coordination between ground troops and the air force, had to be altered. Germany could no longer use its ground and air forces as one unit of destruction. Britain also had a world renowned Navy, this allowed supplies from the USA and other countries to be protected and imported in to enable Britain to keep up the continual aerial defence of Britain as under the supervision of the Minister of Aircraft Production, Lord Beaverbrook, resupply and maintenance became a national priority. Britain also had the home advantage this meant that pilots could bail out of their planes then rejoin their company again so less pilots needed to be trained, however, German pilots were taken as prisoners of war. All of these long term factors gave Britain the upper hand before the Battle had even started. Though the Luftwaffe had nearly double the amount of aircraft as the British, however, there were plenty of indications that the Luftwaffe might face problems in controlling the skies over Britain. Firstly, the Luftwaffe had limited range and was operating from bases some way from Dunkirk, as they underestimated how bigger obstacle the channel was, making the German bombers very vulnerable to the most modern RAF fighters, such as the Spitfire which was an easy match for the ME109, the German bombers escorts, as it was faster and a lot more manoeuvrable so won more dogfights. The German Bombers, therefore were left extremely vulnerable, if their escorts got caught up in dogfights they became easy targets, the junkers also carried a limited supply of bombs so did not cause as much damage as the Germans would of hoped for. The Germans also underestimated the strength of the RAF on the ground, the RAF had a well-organised and extensive air defence system. The British were far from undere stimating their opponents, in fact the overestimated them, the invention of RADAR enabled RAF pilots to get into the air quickly and intercept bombers before they had their chance to drop their loads. This was vital in reducing the damage of the Luftwaffe on Britain and more importantly the morale of the British people to continue the defence of their homeland. However, I think the most important reason, was that British tactics were also far greater thought out then Germanys. Air Marshall Dowding proved to be very masterful in command, he had resisted demands by Churchill to send his fighter reserve to France, holding it back for the defence of the UK, and refused to commit it in large numbers to defending sea convoys. Both decisions were subsequently proved to have been good ones. On the other hand Reichsmarschall Hermann GÃ ¶ering, head of the Luftwaffe, ordered his force to draw the RAF into battle by attacking coastal convoys and bombing radar stations along the south coast, installations of the British aircraft industry, and RAF airfields. The dilution of this effort in retaliation for the bombing of Berlin, was the principal reason why the Luftwaffe eventually lost the battle, as it allowed the RAF to recover when it was near collapse. (600 WORDS) 2) STUDY SOURCE A. DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS INTERPRATATION OD DUNKIRK? USE THE SOURCE AND KNOWLEDGE FROM YOUR STUDIES TO EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. Source A is a painting by Sir Charles Cunning depicting the evacuation of Dunkirk. The source is accurate in showing the bigger naval vessels waiting out to see, as they could not get as close to the beach, which was why the smaller boats to ferry to the soldiers were used, as shown in the painting. The painting shows the soldiers waiting in lines to be rescued and maintain discipline as bombs are falling down, this is inaccurate as many soldier fled to safety behind bunkers and even buried themselves in the sand to avoid the onslaught of the aerial assault. The loss life at Dunkirk is also not shown as at Dunkirk over 40% of the French army was lost with over 80% of its equipment so this source is a rather sanitised view. However, the source gives us the impression that large numbers of soldiers were evacuated from he beaches this is accurate as over 330,000 soldiers were evacuated by boat from Dunkirk as the source shows. Sir Charles Cundall was the official government war artist this limits the usefulness of the source as he would have been paid to show the evacuation as a success to it would heighten the morale back at home by glorifying the part the British played, this leads to an element of bias. The source could definitely not have been painted the picture whilst the evacuation was in progress, so the picture would have been created from eye witness accounts this means it could lack some accuracy. I partially agree with the impression source A gives but it can only be taken as an impression and not as fact. This is the due to the provenance, which comprimises the validity of the source as it was painted for the purpose of propaganda, because of this, the painting may of been glorified to keep up the morale of the British public. Subsequently, I do agree that the source is accurate to a historian wanting to know what the government wanted the public to believe about the evacuation of Dunkirk. (300 WORDS) 3) DUNKIRK WAS A GREAT DELIVERENCE AND A GREAT DISASTER. (AJP TAYLOR). IS THERE SUFFICIENT EVINDENCE IN SOURCES A TO G TO SUPPORT THIS INTERPRETATION? USE THE SOURCES AND YOUR KNOWLEDGE FROM YOUR STUDIES TO EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. Sources A-E are all primary sources produced at the time of the evacuation. Sources B and C are photos which means they can be construed to be accurate, however, they do not give the whole story of the evacuation as they are only a picture of one moment, in one area of the beach, so can be misinterpreted. Historians have created sources F and G, in order to produce a balanced view of Dunkirk to educate the reader, the balanced view is lacking in some sources. Source A is a contemporary painting of the events of Dunkirk, therefore, cannot be assumed to be reliable as a painting is only the artists individual impression of events. Consequently, due to the painting being commissioned by the British government, the source is biased and will include spin which suited the political environment of the time. This is why Dunkirk is shown to be a great deliverance as the BEF is prevailing against the onslaught of the German aerial attacks. Source D is also very similar, it puts a very positive spin on the evacuation. Anthony Eden, the war minister, says even though the British Expeditionary Force had lost a lot of men and equipment they have gained immeasurably in experience of warfare and self-confidence. This spirit is the vital weapon of the army. Even though the British lost more men and equipment, Eden, continues to tell the public that the BEF have come out on top and that Dunkirk has the lead to the guarantee of final victory; deliverance. T he source is unreliable as Eden could not have said that Dunkirk was a disaster as then the public would become disheartened and may stop helping in the war effort. Source B is a photograph of a section of Beach with soldiers in regimented lines, soldiers seemingly un-panicked, maintaining discipline showing Dunkirk asdeliverance. However, this source is only of one small section of beach when there were no German aircraft attacking; when they did, soldiers would often take flight to the sand dunes for cover in fright. This desperation is exhibited in Source C showing a soldier who is shooting at planes in the sky in vein with a rifle, showing Dunkirk as a disaster as the BEF were ill-equipped to defend themselves, however, the fact that the BEF are shooting at a plane with a rifle shows great determination and bravery; deliverance. Both Sources, have been produced for propaganda purposes, to keep morale at home by showing the BEF as determined (Source C) and disciplined (source B) this affects the reliability of sources, they only provide a snapshot of events in that one place at that one exact time. Source E is from a British newspaper, the source is accurate in some ways, telling us that tens of thousands safely home already and An armada of ships all sizes, all shapes were used for crossing the channel. However, it gives a very one sided view as it is full of honour and pride and describes the British expeditionary force as unbeatable but does not mention how many people and equipment was lost. As the source is from a newspaper you may expect it to be accurate as a newspaper is meant to inform the reader, however, censorship may have played its part in the report in order to keep the morale of the public high. This source is still quite useful because it gives a lot of information, which is accurate, but is still not adequate enough to agree with the interpretation of Dunkirk found in the quote. Sources F and G give very balanced views of the Evacuation of Dunkirk. Source F was written by A.J.P Taylor; in this source he gives evidence to support his interpretation that Dunkirk was a great deliverance and a great disaster. He gives both positive and negative aspects if the evacuation, he states that the operation succeeded beyond all expectations and that almost the entire B.E.F were saved, the deliverance, however, it also tells us that the BEF lost virtually all its equipment and many other things like planes and boats were destroyed, the disaster. He uses facts the back these up so the source is accurate. Source G also gives positive and negative aspects of the evacuation. Richard Holmes says that the evacuation would be a miracle, and talks about the anticipation of defeat but he also talks about the great determination troops and sailors had, he talks to eye witnesses to back up his view and gives a very reliable and accurate description of the events. Both source were p roduced after the evacuation, this means they would have no political motive and were produced to educate the reader/viewer so therefore are likely to be reliable and accurate. Both sources view Dunkirk as a disaster and deliverance and use key facts to back this up. Therefore the interpretation of AJP Taylor is accurate using these two sources. Due to the provenance of sources A-E no valid conclusions can be drawn from them so we are not able to use them to prove AJP Taylors interpretation, however, they are still useful for telling us ,for example, what the government wanted the public to believe about the evacuation. Source A-G give much more balanced views of Dunkirk giving us both positive and negative views, subsequently, I am able to agree qwith AJP interpretation.

Muromachi Period Essay -- essays research papers

The Muromachi style of Zen Buddhism has influence art and design ever since it’s beginning in the 14th century. Although it was influenced by the Chinese styles at a parallel time, they both are still influential and noticed in today’s world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For years Japanese Ink Painting continued to be consistent with a basis on nature, and simplicity. Was the beginning of Minimalism in Japan? Was it intentional? The open composition of space and content on paper is a key of today’s design. The simplicity of monochromatic work is still appreciated in almost every art form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a contrast to the Renaissance that occurred during the same time period. There was never work similar in Europe, it was mostly elaborate and colorful. This proves that the Asian styles are the origin of minimalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even in architecture and landscape, there was interpretation and consistence of nature. The â€Å"Zen Garden† is a key concept that has lasted through the years. The Japanese styles of architecture were inspired by the consistency and simplicity of nature. They were the first to incorporate outside and inside, using a lot of patio space, and open surfaces, using round posts, and hinged translucent walls (Japan, 229).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The dominant styles of the Muromachi Period, Ink Painting, Landscape, and Architecture, are visible in today’s society in all cultures. Design fields incorporate the same appreciation that the Zen Buddhists did. Aesthetics, the set of principles of good taste and the appreciation on beauty, especially in the philosophy of art (Reader’s, 26). During the Muromachi Period, Sesshu (1420-1506) was known as the most famous artist in his medium of Ink Paintings. He was a monk that dedicated his life to painting. He traveled to areas of China and the natural landscape inspired his work heavily. He denied any influence from the Chinese art he saw on his journey. Like the work of Ni Zan (1308-1374), a Chinese Yuan Dynasty ink painter. (History, 842-861)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sesshu’s most noted work was the â€Å"Winter Landscape.† This painting was done after his excursion through China, in the 1467. It is 18.25 x 11.5† in size, and was produced by rushing black ink on a paper. It is overlapped view of a landscape in the foreground, with large mountainous cliff... ...on of the arts really polluted all meaning behind it. This is a dramatic time in which the true Zen Monks doubted their faith in the work they produced. The understanding of this, left room for sarcasm, and criticism, and eventually dilution of the Zen theories of nature and serenity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put aside the debauchery of the art, this period has influenced so many cultures and design styles. It is key that styles like minimalism and even constructivism trace back to the monochromatic layout of image and text these monks produced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being a designer, it is astonishing to relate styles that I apply to work with these simple Buddhists. They lived a simple lifestyle, appreciating materials and imagery that both were provided by nature. The aesthetics applied is an important way of expressing yourself as a citizen of the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important that we as people seek to make the world better for mankind. Appreciating the elements, and applying workable solutions was a key contribution these monks made to society. Whether it is through our work or our deeds, it would be ideal that we all follow their example.

Analysis of The Indian in the Cupboard by Lynne Reid Banks Essay

Analysis of The Indian in the Cupboard by Lynne Reid Banks For this month’s book report I read a book called ‘The Indian in the Cupboard’ by Lynne Reid Banks. This book was about a boy named Omri and his small Indian toy. For Omri’s birthday he received a small Indian toy from a friend and a small cupboard from his brother. Omri put his Indian in the cupboard and to his surprise when he opened the cupboard the Indian toy had come to life. Omri has to keep his Indian a secret for fear of an adult finding out. When Omri told his friend Patrick about the toy, Patrick wanted his own. Omri thought it was a bad idea but brought the toy to life anyway. When Omri brought Patrick’s cowboy toy to life, Patrick was very excited, but Omri was afraid he didn’t know that they were real people. Omri decided he would keep them both at his house. Patrick did not like this idea but agreed only if Omri would bring the cowboy and Indian to school the next day. Then all the trouble started. Patrick and Omri were called into the headmaster’s office and the headmaster threatened to call Patrick’s father if he didn’t tell him what was going on. Patrick was so afraid that he showed the headmaster the Indian and the other toy. Luckily the headmaster thought he was seeing things and so he went home. Omri decided that the Indian was too much trouble and that he should put them into plastic again. So Omri locked the Indian into the cupboard and when he opened it again, the toy was p...

How does the view of modern media and literature vary to the biblical literature on the medical developments of Cloning?

This essay deals with the issues raised in the media by the rapid technological developments of cloning and in particular on the religious beliefs of the uniqueness of life. It will also touch upon the ethical and legal issues brought about through out the development of cloning. 1A clone is a group of genetically identical organisms. Identical twins are therefore a clone since both come form one fertilised egg that is divided into two genetically identical cells that then separate. In the process of mammalian cloning there are two processes. Nuclear Transfer is where the nucleus is removed from the unfertilised egg cell; this eliminates all its genetic information. The cell nucleus of the individual being cloned is introduced into the enucleated egg cell though cell fusion. If this is done in the right conditions, the egg cell then begins to divide and go through a process of foetal developments as if it had been fertilised normally. The other process is artificial twinning which is a process of splitting the embryo into two or more embryos. First an egg cell is fertilised by sperm, then left to grow into an embryo. The embryo is split into two or more embryos when it is still in the early stage of development. The split embryo are nurtured into new embryos, all genetically identical, then implanted into the surrogate mother to grow. This is not the same as nuclear transfer as the born animal has biological parents and is a clone of its brothers and sisters. Cloning of mammals has proven to be difficult and has only developed in the past few years through a long line of research. 3In 1997 came the most famous sheep of all Dolly who was cloned using a cell from an adult sheep. She represented a new departure because she was the first mammal to have been cloned using a nucleus taken from an adult sheep. She possessed a genetic code identical to that of her original parents. This breakthrough raised the possibility of cloning adult mammals rather than embryos. However it is not known yet whether nuclear transfer will be possible in the process of cloning humans. Most future cloning developments will not even concern the reproduction of humans but it will focus on using cloning to understand cell development, heredity and genetic structure. For example cloning research may contribute to disease treatment by allowing scientists to reprogram cells. Through research, skin cells could be reprogrammed into insulin producing cells in the pancreas. These skin cells would then be introduced into the pancreas of the diabetes patients, allowing them to produce insulin. 4However a number of other applications has been envisaged. It could be used in future research in which cloning may be beneficial, such as encouraging research into cloned tissues to work with the basic building blocks of life ‘the stem cells' and discovering how to reprogramme them in such away that they will develop into the tissue that is needed such as skin or heart muscle or nerve cells. These stem cells can be acquired from the foetus which has miscarried or been aborted. In order to obtain these stem cells which are genetically identical to the suffer, it is necessary to use the cloning technique, taking the nucleus of a cell from the affected person and putting it into a human egg, from which the nucleus has been removed. This is the creation of life; it is genetically identical to the person who is suffering. After just a few days of cell division, the stem cells would be removed from the embryo and then the embryo would be destroyed, this would give you a cell line which would never be human but would be used for producing identical tissue for a patient who needs a supply of cells or tissue for grafting, such as replacing heart muscle tissue which would offer hope for people with heart disease, or brain tissue which would help suffers of Alzheimer's. However many of these future applications of cloning involve the creation of embryo solely as a source of cells and destroying them. In an article by Roger Highfield science editor of The Daily Telegraph raises the ethical question, does the 100 cell early embryo that will be used in the stem cell research count as a person? That is the question at the heart of the debate. At one extreme, pro-life groups, the Catholic Church and some other religious organisations argue that the embryo becomes a human being as soon as an egg is fertilised, and should be accorded the same respect as a baby. However, as stated by Roger Highfield in the Sunday Telegraph 2002 the Christian tradition has not always granted this moral status to the early embryo. For many centuries it was believed that the human soul did not enter the embryo until 40 days after conception in the case of a man, and 90 days after conception in the case of a woman. This distinction only ended in 1869 when Pope Pius IX declared that women who had survived an abortion were to be excommunicated implying that a person was ‘ensouled' at conception. Highfield believes those at the other extreme of the debate claim that a very early embryo is no more than a collection of undifferentiated cells and deserves little more attention that any other isolated human cell or tissue. The fact that the embryo has the potential to become a person does not they say accord it the rights of a person. They also say the view that the embryo is a person from the moment of conception does not match most people's idea of human personal identity. The Warnock committee concluded that the early embryo has special status but not one that justifies its absolute protection. One of the arguments used by the modern media against developing embryonic stem cells is the same for cloning whole animals. As it could be argued that once scientists have done this there would be no stopping them from going on to develop a human clone. If once the first step is taken it might seem inevitable that the next step should follow. Therefore is it wrong to let the first step take place? As Mary Warnock suggests in her article on stem cell research from the Dialogue journal is our fear of genetic manipulation different in kind from other fears? Many fears of new discoveries have been fears of supposed risks. This was the case when people feared steam engines or internal combustion engine. And we have on whole become a risk averse society, we think of minimising risks as human nature. The issue poses the question of how cloning maybe beneficial as well as morally wrong. The people against cloning feel it is an affront to religious sensibilities; it seems like playing God and interfering with the natural process. There are other objections too like they are worried that cloning appears to be a powerful force that can be exploited to produce horrendous results like creating a population entirely the same. One of the main ethical concerns brought up by the media is the possibility of the psychological impact on the offspring. Would the human clone have a diminished sense of individuality? Perhaps human clones would think that they were genetically destined to the same fate as the person from whom their donor cells came. 7Ethical questions have been raised about how cloning could also control the children's genotypes, which could be practised in discriminatory ways. As the author Peter Paris expressed in the Ethics of Human Cloning that parents could use cloning as genetic manipulation along with other techniques to exercise the quality control over their children, or perhaps scientists may use it with racist intent a fear raised by Peter Paris,' Since Europeans, and euro Americans have never been able to affirm the value of the worlds darker races as equals, there is little reason to believe that their scientists would not seek to rid the world of some of its racial diversity by combining science of eugenic with that of human cloning,. From this there could be a reduction in genetic variability, for producing many clones runs the risk of creating a population entirely the same. The population would be susceptible to the same diseases and one disease could devastate the entire population. Too this lends support to old prejudices and it could also raise new ones which cut across existing social divisions. In the modern media supporters of cloning consider that with careful continuation of research, the technological benefits of cloning clearly outweigh the possible social consequences. In their minds, the final products of cloning, like farm animals and laboratory mice will not be the most important achievement. The applications of cloning the envision are not nightmarish and inhumane, but will improve the overall quality of science and life. Cloning will help to produce discoveries that will affect the study of genetics, cell development, human growth, and obstetrics. Also the people who argue in favour of cloning believe that much of the concerns are based on misunderstandings. They believe cloning in reality would produce what amounts to a delayed identical twin, several years or even decades younger than that person who is being cloned. Identical twins are separate individuals. They look different because of different preferences, clothing and hairstyle. They even have different moral values, academic achievements and tastes in music. As many identical twins through their lives develop unique identities of their own. Another misunderstanding is how genes influence an individual's development. Human beings do not inherit a fixed unchangeable genetic blueprint from their parents. Scientists believe it's an interaction between genes and the environment in which an individual grows up and lives including the environment in which the foetus is in the womb. 8One of the major reasons people fear cloning is based religious reasons on the notion that a clone is an imperfect imitation of the real thing, which causes some people to think that far from having the same soul as someone else a clone would have no soul at all. In the book Remaking Eden it was stated that the Irvine, California, rabbi Bernard King was seriously frightened by this idea when he asked, ‘Can the cloning process create a soul? Can scientists create the soul that would make a being ethical, moral, caring, loving, all the things we attribute humanity to? ‘. The Catholic Father Saunders suggested that, ‘Cloning would only produce humanoids or androids-soulless replicas of human beings that could be used as slaves. ‘ However there is nothing artificial about the cells used in cloning. They are alive all through the cloning process. The newly formed embryo can only develop inside the womb of a woman in the same way embryo and foetuses develop. Cloned children will be proper human beings thus the notion of soulless clone has no basis in reality. 9Though the fundamental ethical concern is something for which Christian theology provides some insights. Neil Messer suggests that the act of cloning can go against many people's moral and religious beliefs. The bible is an important part of any Christian's life and it contains the teachings of God and his views on life. In genesis he talks of the creating of earth where on the fifth day: ‘God created man in his image: in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. Genesis 1v27. Human beings are made in the image of God. This bestows on them unique status in creation to treat them, not as manipulated, is to violate Gods given nature. Should we be going against him and creating humans to our specifications? Or is this what God would have wanted? Many strong Christians would disagree with pre-cloners saying that God made man and we should not be tampering with God and his creations, we are finite and limited creatures, we are mortals rather than God, and it is both foolish and self destructive for us to forget that. Whilst many would answer with arguments that if God had not wanted this then he would not have let humans progress so far, like genesis 11 we find human beings use there God given skill and ingenuity to try and reach up to heavens, to make a name for themselves in efforts to become like God ‘ Come let us build ourselves a city a tower that reaches the heavens, so that we may make a name for themselves and not be scattered over the face of the earth' Genesis 11v3. In this man is using Gods given ability to push back out limits to take some measure of control and authority over created order and share in Gods creative work. This was seen as an arrogant use of that skill and ingenuity to pretend that we have no limits, that we are Gods. However God has given us freewill and to exercise this freewill would mean consequently God cannot be held responsible. 10Also in Bioethics a primer for Christian Gilbert Milander believed Christians would also see cloning as a violation to the uniqueness of human life, which God has given to each person and to no one else. Christians are given their individualism uniqueness in the ritual of baptism. In baptism God sets his hand upon them calls them by name and thereby establishes their unique individual identity and destiny. Their uniqueness is not a personal achievement or power it is established in community with God when they realise that they can not directly control their destiny but when they admit that life is grounded and sustained by God. 11Nevertheless from the earliest time of human culture we have been co-creators with God. We have taken the things around us including our own bodies and brains and reorganized them into a number of different ways. We can ask ourselves the question is there anything that can be excluded from the touch of the human hand and the initiative of the human brain Even now we have discovered that life itself can be tampered with. Which shows us that we are co creators with God and we can shape life anyway we desire. 12Consequently can we Christians accept their positions as co-creators or would this be seen as blasphemy? Although the fact remains that humans have been given such power without the knowledge and understanding of God, which means the moral issue then becomes whether we will use our power responsibly. What wrong things might we create with the power of life? Will we be able to watch someone die knowing we are able to create replicas of them? Will we deny our human weakness and try and stop the process of aging by replacing aging parts of our body? Will we worship physical strength and create a society where only those people live and make false images of human life selected by our own preferences. The media has now made us aware that the possibility of cloning humans is only a few years away. Though Cloning has offered us an insight into the power of creation that humanity has done. A Christian could come to the analysis that humans are co creators with God, that we are ever moving closer to making babies rather than having babies. The media and religious organisations believe Cloning represents a test of human restraint wisdom and technological developments and in many ways identifies genetic engineering as one of the most moral problems of the 21st century. Epilogue The media provides us with information that the science of cloning continues to evolve at a rapid pace, and medical advancements based on this science will continue to provide new ethical and religious challenges. As Dr Michael West said on a radio4 Today programme when interviewed by John Humphry's ‘The Use of stem cell research for the relief of disease, Parkinson's, Cystic thybrosis will prove to be irresistible but not for human cloning, Literature Review I have many books written about the ethical debate surrounding cloning all of which are in the light of the recent developments of cloning and sets out the modern debate and the Medias views of cloning as well as the theological issues. The books seem quite useful all giving different viewpoints on the subject and they all seem to have been written quite recently as cloning is a new issue and first explored in March 1997 when Dolly the first cloned mammal was born. There are journals which consist of the moral debate of cloning hence I will be able to get hold of up to date information and the view ethicists in this area. The Ethics of Human Cloning Neil Messer 2001 With all the recent events and research of cloning this booklet sets out the debate of cloning it explains the technical terms clearly and draws out the theological issues and shows what Christians have to contribute to the discussion of Cloning. 2 Clone The Road to Dolly and The Path Ahead 1998 This book puts the science and ethics into context and discusses what part of cloning may play in the future of this medical research and human race. The book also considers the ethical dilemma that maybe used to clone human. Also the book touches on how news on scientific journals reach the popular media. 3. Remaking Eden Cloning and Beyond 1999 This book explores the science of embryology touching down on cloning and the new world of baby making , it explains what science can do and will be able to do. 4. Flesh of my flesh, the ethics of Human cloning This book contains a collection of articles from scientists, philosophers, bioethists and theologians debating whether cloning should be allowed , it also examines up to date laws on cloning and different legal points of views.

Quality Improvement Plan Essay

Executive Summary Today’s educational system is becoming increasingly competitive for both students and institutions. Total quality management is an approach that seeks to improve quality and performance in an organizations operations. It looks at the overall quality measures including managing the quality design and development as well as quality maintenance and improvement. In addition, it takes into account all quality measures at all levels especially for students. Because of quality management we were able to comprehend and seek solution to the problems regarding the uniform policy.We were able to visualize the outcome of our proposal if this could be implemented. I. PROBLEM STATEMENT The following quality issues noted during the actual observation in the standard policy of uniform at Far Eastern University – Business Center: Quality Problem 1: What will be the appropriate actions necessary to enhance the quality improvement of the university’s standard policy regarding its uniform? Quality Problem 2: How will the University encourage the students to comply with the said standards? Quality Problem 3: How will the FEU improve student awareness and obedience with respect to the implemented rules about uniform? Quality Problem 4: How will the university achieve consistency with regards to the rules implemented about the required uniform? Quality Problem 5: What will be the corrective actions needed to stop the piracy of university uniform by external sewers or producers? II. QUALITY TOOL Fishbone Diagram III. ROOT CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM Based on the cause-and-effect diagram (fish bone diagram) we noted the following attributions to the observed quality problem: MANPOWER a. What b. Went c. Wrong MATERIAL a. What b. Went c. Wrong MACHINE a. What b. Went c. Wrong METHODS a. What b. Went c. Wrong MOTHER NATURE a. What b. Went c. Wrong IV.RECOMMENDATION AND BENEFITS Recommendations Benefits 1. The FEU should develop only one standard uniform for both female and male students. (implementation of this matter will be discussed in the next sub heading) This will prevent confusion in identifying FEU students and regulate fair presentation that unity exists in our school. 2. The FEU should provide an orientation per institute before the start of class concerning the guidelines for proper wearing of uniform w/ corresponding punishment for students of non-compliance with uniform policy. (Ex: standard length of girl’s skirts, wearing of rubber shoes, etc.) Specifically, female students are benefited with this in terms of eliminating the erroneous reputation for it will provide pleasing impression to them but it will also promote good character of the school. 3. FEU’s student council per institute should effectively disseminate the new implemented uniform policy approved by the Institute’s Deans and considering enough time for the students to be prepared. Announcing personally increases student’s adherence to the policy and prevents student complaints of information from unreliable sources. 4. All of the said recommendations above would be crucial to maintain so we recommend that FEU should have its own official Tailoring Shop inside the school. Student accessibility and convenience, consistency, less costly service, and prevents delays. V.IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND BUDGET VI. APPENDICES A. GLOSSARY Logistics – refers to the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.† Note that this definition includes inbound, outbound, internal, and external movements, and return of materials for environmental purposes. Process – refers Quality – refers Standard – refers System – refers B. QUALITY FORMS Paste the scanned form (existing and the proposed form to be used) C. REFERENCES ISO 9001:2000, 4.2.2 – Control of Documents ISO 9001:2000, 4.2.3 – Control of Records ISO 9001:2000, 5.1 – Management Commitment ISO 9001:2000, 5.2 – Customer Focus ISO 9001:2000, 5.4 – Planning ISO 9001:2000, 6.0 – Resource Management ISO 9001:2000, 6.1 – Provision of Resources ISO 9001:2000, 6.2.2 – Competence, Awareness and training ISO 9001:2000, 6.3 – Infrastructure ISO 9001:2000, 6.4 – Work environment ISO 9001:2000, 7.4 – Customer-related processes, 7.2.1, 7.2.2. 7.2.3 ISO 9001:2000, 7.5.3 – Identification and traceability Council of Logistics Management, http://www.clm1.org/mission.html, 12 Feb 98) http://www.logisticsworld.com/logistics.htm

Media Function Essay

For individual, the function of media can be thought of as the motives or reasons. Why individual use media products? They do that in order to feel satisfactions; they receive from the use of these products Herta Herzog 1944 She studied the motivation and gratification of radio soap opera listeners Her interest was to try to understand (why women become such ardent fans of the radio soaps The goal of the study was to determine (what satisfactions listeners Said they derived coupled with a psychological evaluation of these listeners The functional approach: sought to account for (why audiences attended to particular content on the assumption that the act of attending served some function for the individual. Herzog found that such programs served function for these women: the provided emotional release, they served as a source of advice What sorts of lessons did soap operas provide? Herzog found that the lessons of the soaps often applied in unlikely situation for ex. One women reported going to the doctor before started her diet because someone on the soap had done so Katz 1959 he relabeled the approach uses and gratification For Katz, uses and gratifications research would empirically test some of the critiques of popular culture that had been made the in 1950s. Katz 1959 he relabeled the approach uses and gratification For Katz, uses and gratifications research would empirically test some of the critiques of popular culture that had been made the in 1950s. Social function of the media Mobilization| Entertainment| Continuity| Correlation| Information| Campaigning for society’s objectives in the field of politics, war, economic development, work, and sometimes religion| -providingentertainment interestingnessand the means of relaxation- reducing social tension| -Expressing the dominant culture and recognizing subcultures and new culture developments-Forming and maintaining commonality of values| -Explaining and commenting on the meaning of events and information-providing support for established authority and norms -socializing-coordinating separate activities-consensus building-setting orders of priority | Providing information about events and condition in society and the world| The assumption of uses and gratification model -The audience is active and hence use of media is goal-directed -Audience have expectation of what certain kinds of content have to offer them, and these expectation help shape their selection. That is, particular audiences can take the initiative in linking their needs to the ability of particular media products to gratify those needs -The media compete with other sources of need satisfaction (such as reading, talking with friends, taking a walk, sleeping). The needs potentially satisfied by the mass media are only part of a wider range of human needs. People are sufficiently aware of their needs, media choices, and the gratifications they receive from media use to be able to tell researchers what motivates their media behavior. -The audience is active and hence use of media is goal-directed -Audience have expectation of what certain kinds of content have to offer them, and these expectation help shape their selection. That is, particular audiences can take the initiative in linking their needs to the ability of particular media products to gratify those needs -The media compete with other sources of need satisfaction (such as reading, talking with friends, taking a walk, sleeping). The needs potentially satisfied by the mass media are only part of a wider range of human needs. People are sufficiently aware of their needs, media choices, and the gratifications they receive from media use to be able to tell researchers what motivates their media behavior. THE CRITIQUE OF FUNCTIONALISM Uses and gratification research has been serious criticisms; This approach ignores the social dimensions of media consumption and reduces media use to an individual psychological relationship In fact, uses and gratification researches offers no way of understanding the connection between individual psychological needs and social structures and processes Uses and gratification research has been serious criticisms; This approach ignores the social dimensions of media consumption and reduces media use to an individual psychological relationship In fact, uses and gratification researches offers no way of understanding the connection between individual psychological needs and social structures and processes The major work on uses and gratifications research has been to catalog the various uses and gratification that audience report obtaining from their media consumption The major work on uses and gratifications research has been to catalog the various uses and gratification that audience report obtaining from their media consumption Entertainment| Integration and social interaction| Personalidentity| information| -Escaping from problemsRelaxing-Getting intrinsic culturalFilling timeEmotional releaseSexual arousal-| -Gaining insight into circumstances of others-Identifying with others -Gaining a sense of belonging-Finding a basis for conversation and social interaction -Helping to carry out social rolesEnabling one to connect with family, friends, and society| -Finding reinforcement for personal values-Finding models of behavior-Identifying with valued others-Gaining insight into one’s self| -Finding out about events and conditions in immediate surroundings ,society, and the world-Seeking advice on functional matters or opinion and decision choices-Satisfying curiosity -Learning, self-education-Gaining a sense of security through knowledge| Narrative is another valuable tool in our textual analysis toolkit Narrative tends to be associated with the way a fictional story is told terms of how events unfold and are revealed to the audience Narrative is an important element in the construction of both fiction and non-fiction texts. Although it is a logical tool to reach for when we undertake the analysis of moving image texts In media studies, looking at narrative structure implies that we explore the way in which the inf. Contained within a text is revealed to us. It has implication for the way in which print texts, images and sound texts are constructed Narrative is another valuable tool in our textual analysis toolkit Narrative tends to be associated with the way a fictional story is told terms of how events unfold and are revealed to the audience Narrative is an important element in the construction of both fiction and non-fiction texts. Although it is a logical tool to reach for when we undertake the analysis of moving image texts In media studies, looking at narrative structure implies that we explore the way in which the inf. Contained within a text is revealed to us. It has implication for the way in which print texts, images and sound texts are constructed NARRATIVE AS AN ANALYTICAL TOOL Enigma code Roland Barthes has defined the key narrative device as enigma code, use to guess the next piece of information to be reveled Think of trailers at the cinema or cliffhangers in TV serial drama The enigma is a useful narrative device to keep the reader interested by whetting his appetite to find out more (magazine front covers are another example of enigma code Work as narrative in the sense of offering a frozen moment. We are invited to compete in our minds what happened before and after the frozen moment Narrative can be said to organize the flow of info on the page, determining how we read the text Enigma code Roland Barthes has defined the key narrative device as enigma code, use to guess the next piece of information to be reveled Think of trailers at the cinema or cliffhangers in TV serial drama The enigma is a useful narrative device to keep the reader interested by whetting his appetite to find out more (magazine front covers are another example of enigma code Work as narrative in the sense of offering a frozen moment. We are invited to compete in our minds what happened before and after the frozen moment Narrative can be said to organize the flow of info on the page, determining how we read the text On important aspect of the narrative is how the flow of this information is controlled. The flow of this information to the reader is controlled through the headline, the opining paragraph, or intro, the illustration and the outcome. On important aspect of the narrative is how the flow of this information is controlled. The flow of this information to the reader is controlled through the headline, the opining paragraph, or intro, the illustration and the outcome. Three main reasons for studying media narrative. One- it shifts the focus of attention from content to the structure and process of storytelling Two- it allows us to investigate the similarities and differences in narrative media forms Three-it can reveal how the meanings of the narrative forms relate to the wider disposition of social power Three main reasons for studying media narrative. One- it shifts the focus of attention from content to the structure and process of storytelling Two- it allows us to investigate the similarities and differences in narrative media forms Three-it can reveal how the meanings of the narrative forms relate to the wider disposition of social power ADRIAN TILLY argues that although story telling often appears invisible, it is in fact a complex process He points out; narrative is an important part of our socialization as it moderates our behavior The nature of media narrative and their relation to our social study situations is the object of narrative study. ADRIAN TILLY argues that although story telling often appears invisible, it is in fact a complex process He points out; narrative is an important part of our socialization as it moderates our behavior The nature of media narrative and their relation to our social study situations is the object of narrative study. PARADIGM SHIFT: FROM A RATIONAL WORLD PARADIGM TO A NARRATIVE ONE NARRATIVE PARDIGM| RATIONAL –WORLD PARADIGM| -people are essentially storytellers-we make decision on the basis of good reasons, which vary depending on the communication situation -history, biography, culture, and character determine what we consider good reasons-narrative rationality is determined by coherence and fidelity of our stories-the world is a set of stories from which we choose, and thus constantly re-create, our lives (a theoretical framework that views narrative as basis of all human communication)| -people are essentially rational-we make decision on basis of arguments -the types of speaking situation determines the course of our arguments-rationality is determined by how much we know and how well we argue-the world is a set of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analysis(a scientific approach to knowledge that assumes people are logical, making decisions on the basis of evidence and arguments)| Encoding and decoding One of the key issues in audience studies, concern the relationship between producer, text, and audience This equation is about a balance of power: assessing the extent to which audiences are influenced by media text and what extent they appropriate them in ways quite different to the producers’ intentions Encoding and decoding One of the key issues in audience studies, concern the relationship between producer, text, and audience This equation is about a balance of power: assessing the extent to which audiences are influenced by media text and what extent they appropriate them in ways quite different to the producers’ intentions Meaning structures one Meaning structures one Meaning structures two Meaning structures two Stuart Hall’s Encoding/Decoding model In the diagram, he represents the two sides: Encoding, which is the domain of the producer Decoding, the domain of the audience The process of communicating a message requires that it be encoded in such a way that the receiver of the message is able to decoded Ex. Televisual message is encoded through the use of camera technology, transmitted as a signal and then decoded using a television set if you do not have a TV you don’t have the means to understand One reason that the encoded and decoded messages may not be the same is the capacity of the audience to vary its response to media message Stuart Hall’s Encoding/Decoding model In the diagram, he represents the two sides: Encoding, which is the domain of the producer Decoding, the domain of the audience The process of communicating a message requires that it be encoded in such a way that the receiver of the message is able to decoded Ex. Televisual message is encoded through the use of camera technology, transmitted as a signal and then decoded using a television set if you do not have a TV you don’t have the means to understand One reason that the encoded and decoded messages may not be the same is the capacity of the audience to vary its response to media message Why the audience vary in response to media message? Because they are influenced by their social position, gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, experience, beliefs, where they are, what they are doing, when they receive a message Hall categorised three kinds of audience response: Dominant- the audience agree with the dominant values expressed within the preferred reading of the text Negotiated- the audience generally agree with the dominant values expressed within the preferred reading but they may disagree with certain aspects according to their social background Oppositional- the audience dis agree with dominant values expressed within the preferred reading of the text One concept that has been challenged subsequently by theorists is the notion of preferred reading This refers to the way the encoder would prefer the audience to interpret a media message, above all other possible readings. However, it could be argued that some texts are deliberately created to remain open interpretation Why the audience vary in response to media message? Because they are influenced by their social position, gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, experience, beliefs, where they are, what they are doing, when they receive a message Hall categorised three kinds of audience response: Dominant- the audience agree with the dominant values expressed within the preferred reading of the text Negotiated- the audience generally agree with the dominant values expressed within the preferred reading but they may disagree with certain aspects according to their social background Oppositional- the audience dis agree with dominant values expressed within the preferred reading of the text One concept that has been challenged subsequently by theorists is the notion of preferred reading This refers to the way the encoder would prefer the audience to interpret a media message, above all other possible readings. However, it could be argued that some texts are deliberately created to remain open interpretation