DFQ Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DFQ - Term Paper Example differential equation and its significant contribution to the cooling of temperatures, which is one particular area of interest as far as the subject of real life situations, is concerned. Additionally, it is imperative to note that the first order differential equation that will be applied in determining the rate, timing and quantity of temperature cooling is an ordinary differential equation of first order. A first order differential equation conforms to the linearity of ordinary differential equations since the derivative part of the equation exists in the first degree (Abell & Braselton, 2004). As a result, the general representation of a first order differential equation of linear type can be represented by the following formula, Where dy/dx is the derivative part, P and Q are referred to as continuous functions of the variable x. in addition, X and y represents variables that are subject to manipulation. The above-mentioned formulation is the standard form of a first order linear differential equation, thus, the derivative solutions of such equation, first takes into consideration the re-writing of any equation in standard format before working on it in terms of derivation (Abell & Braselton, 2004). Moreover, if a differential equation contains coefficients preceding the derivative part, it is recommended that the coefficients be divided throughout the equation to ensure uniformity. When the derivative is preceded by a constant or any other variable they must be divided through the whole equation to obtain the standard form of the ordinary differential equation (Abell & Braselton, 2004). The analytical solution represents the general solution of the equations and it is imperative to note that it contains arbitrary constants, which can only be calculated, if there is the presence of initial value problems (Abell & Braselton, 2004). Therefore, the solution can be given by the following set of equations The numerical solution of a first order differential

Why Beloved Should Still Be Taught in Schools Essay Example for Free

Why Beloved Should Still Be Taught in Schools Essay The concept of having Beloved banned in public schools is just a ludicrous idea and should be removed by the schools that currently enforce it. Although many students may not like reading, the book helped me realize the importance of the things I take for granted after reading the book. Beloved should still be taught in schools because of the major values it teaches including racism, family, and the true meaning of freedom. Beloved helps recognize the true meaning of freedom due to the many past experiences that are played out in the story. An example of freedom in the book is how harsh and cruel schoolteacher was to all of the slaves on the plantation. From Mr. Garner to schoolteacher, the conversion was horrific. Mr. Garner treated his slaves with respect and even gave his slaves last names, something that they had never had before. The chokecherry tree is a significant piece in the story because it is a collection of scars from all the whippings that Sethe had and is a memory of everything that she wen t through when she was still a slave. All the whippings that she received from schoolteacher align into the shape of a chokecherry tree. A final point of slavery is how Halle worked to buy Baby Suggs her freedom. After many years on the plantation and excruciating pain, Halle thought it was only right to free Baby Suggs from Sweet Home. Another important lesson that the story teaches is the value of family through the events that occur at 124. For example, the character Paul D is a character that falls in and out of the story. In the beginning of the book, Paul D temporarily stays with Sethe setting the tone that Paul D, Sethe, and Denver could all work together as a family. â€Å"The shadows of three people still held hands. (Morrison 49) As explained in the quote, the three of them held hands via shadow when they went to the carnival and seemed like everything would work out in harmony, all until Beloved was brought into the picture and throws off the balance in the house. The importance of family is also explained when Denver, Beloved, and Sethe develop a relationship upon each other developing the concept of she is â€Å"mine†. â€Å"You are mine†,( repeated three times by each character)( Morrison217) A final example of love for family is the point in the book when Sethe killed Beloved for her wn benefit to protect Beloved from being raised into slavery. A final example of why Beloved should still be taught in schools is because of the various points of views that it has on racism which is what connects all the characters in the story together. Sethe had been raped, robbed of her milk, and conditions forced her to kill her daughter Beloved. Paul D had been imprisoned in a cube in an all blacks prison after attempted murder, and Stamp Paid was forced to give his wife away to another white man who took his wife away for over a year. One of the racist events that occurs in the book is when Sethe was branded, lashed out, and thought of as a baby mill to her master thus putting her in inhumane conditions where she is treated and worked like an animal. Another incident of racism is when Sethe is at work and a woman is making racist remarks towards Sethe. A final example of racism in the book, is a time with Paul D where he is muzzled and gagged so he cannot speak or make any comments, putting him in poor work conditions and under schoolteacher’s rule, being treated like an animal. The poor memories that Paul D does not want to remember are stored in his â€Å"tobacco tin†.

Psychological Profiling In Criminal Investigation Criminology Essay

Psychological Profiling In Criminal Investigation Criminology Essay The human being is intertwined with emotions and thoughts which is manifested in the form of behaviour. He judges the situation in a contextual frame of mind. Therefore every individual will have a unique way to respond to the situation. As a human tendency every individual has an intention to know as to what does other person thinks of him and vice- versa. When we meet one person, based on the reference to situation and context we try to form an opinion of the individual. Profiling is delving interference upon the available information, witness and evidences. Profiling is done by each and every individual and in each and every situation but with different perspective. Profiling is a technique which is used in our everyday life. Profiling is an advanced investigative tool while its effectiveness is still under a lot of scientific scrutiny. An Indian would shake his head from left to right in an affirmative gesture or expression, while a Caucasian by doing so would indicate a denial gesture or expression; while an owl in the Middle East is looked upon as a bad omen, while in the west it symbolizes wisdom, and so onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is accepted that the evolution of human racial and physical features generate from their inherited behaviour due to a specific environment and way of adaptation. Lets take for instance an African negroid thick lips evolved due to an adapting process to help preserve moisture, an aborigine of Australia or Papua New Guinea developed thick eye browse to protect his eyes from sun rays, a Bedouin desert folk did so with a larger or longer nose to help him breath better in desert climate, and women living in hot and humid terrains tend to have a larger buttocks to preserve body fat etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Profiling for the law enforcement and criminal justice systems invoves psychological assessment of the offender. The assessment contains socio-demographic information viz. age, gender, marital status, education, occupation and the social and psychological attributes of the offender. It is one of the important technique through which a forensic expert can help the investigator to find the root cause of the crime. The forensic expert through his psychological acumen examines the crime scene, police record, statements of witness, medical records and corroborates them with the subjects psychological test findings and other procedure (such as ANS and DNS based procedures) to prepare a forensic profile. The definition of profiling is : Profiling is a method of identifying the perpetrator of a crime based on an analysis of the nature of the offense and the manner in which it was committed. Various aspects of the criminals personality makeup are determined from his or her choice of actions before, during, and after the crime. This information is combined with other pertinent details and physical evidence, and then compared with the characteristics of known personality types and mental abnormalities to develop a practical working description of the offender. -FBIs Howard Teten (who has been called the grandfather of profiling) It provides specific information about the offender to the investigating agency regarding the crime and his involvement in the crime. In early days although profiling was done informally; with the invasion of different test and techniques, profiling has become more scientific and precise. Profiling goes back in history to the middle ages, and Scotland Yard took it a step further, while Sherlock Holmes character made it even more popular, then there is the CSI series of late filling the rest of the empty cup of the thirsty TV shows viewers. Freudian theory of profiling: Freuds psychoanalysis has emphasized on the humans basic instinct: sex and aggression and how does it influence an individuals mental state. Freud has also doctrine faulty upbringing of the child leads to mental illness / neurotic personality. Research studies says that the children who have unhealthy childhood are more prone to crime. Dr. Thomas Bond, a police surgeon was invited by the investigating agencies to study the case of the killer,Jack- The Ripper, who had claimed to kill five prostitutes in Whitechapel, London 1888. He applied the Freudian principles to the given case. Based on the limited information and evidence, Thomas Bond believed that the offender must be of physical strength, great coolness and daring. The offender was a middle aged, inoffensive and quiet man. He must be neatly and respectably dressed. The offender must be in habit of wearing cloak or overcoat or he could hardly have escaped notice in the streets if the blood on his hands or clothes are visible. Th is attempt of profiling made a noteworthy contribution in the field of forensic science. Thereafter, John Douglas has done 12 pages of profiling of this case but it has not resulted into identification of the criminal. The profiling done by John Douglas was based on available medical reports, crime scene photographs and police investigative reports, which probably does not give the detail evidences compared to todays investigative style. ( Mailonline, Sadie, white locks, 20/4/2011) This effort placed profiling on the center stage of investigation. Walter Langer, an American psychoanalyst did the profiling of Hitler on the request of Gen. William J.Donovan. Walter has not personally interviewed Hitler but he had interviewed the associates of Hitler and Investigating agencies. He analysis inferred that Hitlers personality was an evidence of mixed and divided psyche. He said that the Hitler was probably a neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia in to two at the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) divided Hitlers profiling into five general sections:- How the Hitler viewed himself How German people viewed him Hos his associates viewed him Psychoanalysis and reconstruction His likely future behavior Langers profile indicated that mostly Hitler will commit suicide. Being Psychiatrist, Dr. James Brussel, heavily relied upon the psychoanalytical theory. Prior to this case, Dr. Brussel during his army service has cured many patients . He was given the case wherein the bomber was placing the series of explosive packages. Within 16 years he had planted bombs in main cinemas and telephone boxes. On the basis of the letter written to Con Edison (the electricity company in New York) he profiled the offender as unmarried, foreign, self educated, in his 50s, living in Connecticut, paranoid. Based on this profiling, the police was able to arrest George Metesky in January 1957, a foreign born Roman Catholic. Late Brussel was asked to do profiling of the case of 13 sexual homicides between 1962 to 1964., to which he opined that all the 13 crimes are done by one offender. After several months; Albert DeSalvo was arrested who later confessed about the crime, although it was not proved. Brussel applied his Freudian analysis on the case and he portrayed the pic ture of the probable culprit. The Profile Profile Basis of profiling Bomber is a male With few exceptions, bombers have been always male Letter mentioning Con Edison The bomber had a grudge against Con Edison and was likely a former employee Bomber was a textbook paranoid. The bomber believed that Con Edison and the public at large conspired against him. Bomber was middle-aged probably around 50 Paranoia generally peaks around age 35 and the bomber had been active for 16 years. Paranoids tend to set high standards for themselves so as not open themselves to unwanted criticism. Bomber was neat, meticulous and skilled at his work ,carefully constructed bombs, neat lettering, careful planning of the bombs indicated his neatness Foreign or spent the majority of his time with foreign people Bomber wrote in stilted, formal language bereft of any contemporary slang. He utilized phrases like dastardly deeds that sounded as if out of Victorian fiction The bomber had at least a high school education but probably no college. The stilted language of the letters and skilled construction of the bombs spoke of self-education. The excellent handwriting indicated at least some formal schooling. The bomber was a Slav and probably Roman Catholic Culturally speaking, Eastern and Central Europeans most often employ bombs as weapons. Most Slavs are Catholic. The bomber lived in Connecticut The letters had been mailed from Westchester Country (a location in between Connecticut and New York) and Connecticut was home to large communities of Eastern and Central Europeans. The bomber suffered from an Oedipal Complex The phallic construction of the bombs; the strange (and breast-like) Ws in the bombers otherwise perfect handwriting and the strange slashing and penetration of the movie theatres seats. IP ( Interpersonal) Approach to Profiling: Prof. David Canter, psychologist, London, UK was invited by Scotland Yard to solve the case of Railway Rapist. According to David Canter, the offender was of late twenties, small stature, reserved, married but no children and lives in the small down of Northwest London, which matched. Based on his profiling, the police was able to nab John Duffy in 1988. He was found guilty. Although David has observed that the investigating agencies are often reluctant to change and opt for newer techniques to catch the criminals. He has extensively used IP methodology for profiling. According to him, psychology has a direct relationship with crime, as it is perceived as interpersonal transaction between the criminals action, social context and personality trait. He has postulated five approaches for profiling. Interpersonal Coherence: A criminal chooses his victim based on his special characteristics. For eg: there is some anecdotal evidence that serial killers only attack those of the same ethnicity as themselves in United states (Canter, 1989). The profiler will be able to establish the relationship between the victim and the offender and the probable conversation at the time of the crime. Significance of time and place: The offender generally picks up the victim from the place which is more familiar to him. He would possibly select the victim from his nearby location as he will feel completely in control of the environment and the victim. Criminal Characteristics: By observing and analysing the crime scene, the offender will be able to give the picture about the characteristics of the offender namely, his physical qualities,his appearance, his apparel, mental make up, mood and psychopathology, if any. Douglas Olshaker (1995) have stated that We set about to organise and classify serious crimes by their behavioural characteristics and explain them like mentioned in Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) of Psychiatry. The serial offenders will tend to operate within an area where they feel comfortable (e.g., close to their own homes) and has many similarities to the independently developed field of geographical profiling (Holmes Holmes, 1996). Criminal Career: The offender although cautious of his move in the next crime, his particular style of killing will not be different. The peculiarity of committing the crime will vary from offender although not always the type of crime. Although he might do more refined crime but his methodology of crime will not have bigger change. His style of killing will help in trapping the offender. Forensic awareness: Often the serial killer is aware of clearing the evidence from the place of the offence. The rapist is much likely to clean the undergarments of the victim or force her to comb her pubic hair so that the evidence is not available. This type of steps clearly gives an indication of the offender being aware of the police/ forensic investigation. Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program): Robert Ressler served in US Army and thereafter joined FBI, Behavioural Science Unit (BSU) in 1970 and retired in 1990. In his span of twenty years he has given his significant contribution in psychological profiling of violent offenders. He has drawn the psychological profiles of violent offenders who typically select victims at random, such as rapist and serial killer. He has interviewed 36 serial killers to study the background and motive of serial killer. He has set up Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program) which collects the data base of the suspects of unsolved crimes. He has written books on Serial murder like I have lived in the Monster: Inside the mind of the worlds most notorious serial killer, Crime Classification Manual: A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crime,. He has done psychological profiling of Jeffery Dahmer and Richard Chase. Robert Ressler et.al (1988) has given six steps for profiling: Profiling Inputs: The physical documents like investigation documents, crime scene details, photographs, autopsy report, post mortem report are studied as a part of the first step toward profiling. These are the basic and preliminary requirements to sketch the criminal. Decision Process Model: In this stage, the offenders intention, motive, risk factor of the victim/ offender is assessed and evaluated. The offender has done planning or it is just a spree killing. How much time the offender has taken to commit the crime as well as the offenders selection for committing a crime says a lot about the criminal. The analysis will also give the clue whether the crime was homicide or not. Profiling process: This is the heart of the profiling. The profiler steps into the shoes of the victim as well as the offender and thereby reconstructs the crime scene. It determines whether the crime was an organised or disorganised. By reconstructing, the overall impression about the crime i.e how did the offender behaved, what could have happened between the victim and offender, how the victim was selected and so on. Common characteristics like type of wound, position of the body observed at the crime scene helps in determining the type of offender Criminal Profile: Depending upon the inputs available , the profiler based on his experience and knowledge constructs the profile. Profiler will include the general appearance, probable age, gender, religion, interpersonal history, his relation with the victim, socio-economic background, educational and occupational history, his motive behind selection of the victim and his reason for the M.O used for the crime. The profiler also proposes the strategies to catch the offender and also the interrogation methods. Investigation: Based on the submission of the profile given, the investigating agency starts to look out for the criminal. In due course of investigation, if officer finds more information, he forwards to the profiler for a more relevant data. The profiling is said to be successful only when the criminal is caught and confesses about the crime. Apprehension: When the criminal is caught is the profile and profiling process are evaluated so that a more acumen profile in other crimes. John Douglas worked in FBI from 1970 to 1995. He started his career as sniper and then became hostage negotiator. He taught hostage negotiation and applied criminal psychology at FBI academy. He has extensively worked with the most notable violent criminals and sex offenders. His skill was to examine their habits and thereby predict their moves. He has been instrumental in identifying famously known The Green Killer. He gave some of the most interesting insight about the motive, mind and operation of the killer. He has done high profile cases like Case of Jon Bonet, Ramsay murder, The West Mermphis three. He has Mindhunter: Inside the FBIs Elite Serial Crime Unit and more.. Roy Hazelwood is the pioneer in profiling of sexual predators. He joined FBI in 1971. He has done lot of sex crime cases related to sexual sadist, their victims and their mode of offence. According to his theory, there is no cure for pedophilia or sexual sadist. Presently, he is consultant to FBI agents and law enforcement agencies to trap the sexually oriented murderers. He felt fantasy is a fascinating area which is extremely relevant and gives better understanding about offender.His first case Harvay Glatman the Lonely Heart Killer inspired him to work in the area of profiling. Thereafter, he was worked on Gerard John Screefar who was involved in autoerotic practices and had done 29 murders. In 1980, Roy and John Douglas wrote an article which distinguished crime in two broad categories i.e Organised and Disorganised crime. CSA (Crime Scene Approach): Earlier FBI was the agency who has used psychological profiling in investigation and has gained popularity. The renowned profiler like John Douglas and Robert Ressesler also wrote several books on profiling and their professional experience in the field of investigation. According to Holmes Holmes (1996) provided Crime Scene Approach (CSA) which was broadly based on crime scene and crime. IT focused more on the physical evidence available at the place of the offence and its relation to the crime. The two types of offenders involved in the crime are The disorganised asocial offender The organised Nonsocial offender The Disorganised offender: The disorganized offender is depicted as someone who is below average intelligence, manifesting some kind of psychiatric illness, not having the capacity to maintain interpersonal relationship apart from his immediate family members, sexually incompetent. He would act more impulsive and usually act with whatever available weapon and thereby leave it at the crime scene. He will be more authoritative with the victim. He overpowers victim is killed with brutality (FBI, blitz attack, Douglas Olshaker, 1995) The offender dehumanize the victim and sexually assaulted, mutilatied the face, genitals and breast is commonly observed. The dead body is left at the crime scene rather than disposing anywhere else. (Holmes Holmes 1996, Ressler, Burgess Douglas 1988, Ressler Shachtman, 1992) While the organized offender although well educated but is under achiever and failure in occupational life. He is socially well settled, will probably have family life but oftenly manifest antsocial or psychopathic personality. The crime scene will depict the ability to depict the ability to organize and execute the plan. The offender often has his own weapon and carries with him after committing the crime. The victim targeted is mostly female who is raped by threat/restraints. The killing performance is done as per the offenders fantasies, usually in slow, painful manner. The body of the victim is carefully disposed off. Inductive and Deductive Profiling Brent Turvey has done his grauduation in Forensic psychology and has given his contribution in the area of forensic science, criminal profiling, victimology and crime reconstruction. He is a court qualified profiler. He has given the theory of Inductive and Deductive profiling and Behavioural Evidence Analysis Inductive Profiling: It assesses and evaluates the similar characteristics of the crime committed by different criminal. It studies the common personality trait of the criminals involved in a similar kind of crime. The inductive profiling is based on the theoretical and experiemental study of the criminal behavior. It identifies the signs and symptoms of criminal behavior and puts together as a comprehensive profile. The inductive profile is the product of statistical or comparative analysis and results in education generalization, hence the use of the term of inductive.( Criminal profiling: An introduction to Behaviural Evidence Analysis, Brent Turvey,2006, pg 26). The characteristics of the criminal is reasoned, correlated and thereby statistical inferred. The profile focus on the psychological trait, the modus operandi, victimology and other crime scene characteristics which an evenly seen in the crime. The inductive profiling does not need specialized forensic knowledge, education or training in the study of criminal behavior. Thus profiling is based upon the information delved from past history, media and sometimes from the criminals. It does need the formal knowledge of psychology, sociology, criminology and psychiatry. Inductive profiling is effective only and only when there is some similarities between the crime. Deductive Profiling: The knowledge and application of psychology, sociology, criminology and psychiatry plays a vital role in deductive profiling. The profiler has to construct the mental picture based on the crime scene and the available physical evidence, as physical evidence also sometimes the gives the clue for non-physical evidence. (love, hate, jealousy..) The deductive profiling is process oriented wherein the investigator will review the crime scene, analytical thinking and logistics to come to behavior analysis evidence. (BEA) More emphasis is given on the study and analysis of post mortem report, forensic report and victomology. This profiling is time consuming because it has to look at the various factors in one particular crime and thereby give profile of a criminal and the mentality/ psycho pathology of the unknown killer. It analysis the behavior manifested at the time of the crime, the physical and behavioural evidence pattern related to the crime. Compared to inductive, deductive profiling is time consuming as it evaluates the unknown criminal from different angles, although the combination of inductive and deductive profiling will give an accurate profile of the criminal. The deductive criminal profile includes the following : .( Criminal profiling: An introduction to Behaviural Evidence Analysis, Brent Turvey,2006, pg 41). Behavioural Evidence Analysis (BEA) Equivocal Forensic Analysis: It includes detail understanding of crime scene, post-mortem report, interview with accused/witness/ victim/suspects and other related in the crime, and the background of the victim Victomology: It studies as to why a particular victim is chosen for the crime, how was he related to the crime and when did the crime happened. A lot of it depend upon the selection of victim by the offender. Crimes Scene characteristics : The scene of offence implies about the relation between the offender and the victim. It gives the clue whether any interaction took place, what were the circumstances under which the crime has occurred Offender Characteristics: What was the personality of the offender. It determines the offenddrss physical characteristics and marital status at the time of committing a crime. It helps in deciding the personality traits like physical built-up. Geographical Profiling: This technique is given by Criminologist; Kim Rossno, which evaluates the location of connected serial crimes to determine the most probable area of offenders residence. It is most effective when a series of crime is committed. It determines the most likely location of a criminals residence based upon the geographic location of crime sites by mapping crime and analyzing patterns at crime scene. Geographical profiling is generally useful in the serial crimes (Murder, rape, arson, bombing), predatory crime (child abduction, sexual homicide) and Multiple location crimes (credit card usage, property crimes) Geographical profiling is based on RAT (Routine Activity Theory) which studies what makes criminal motivated to do a crime at a particular place. It addresses the geographical importance at the time of committing a crime. RAT is based upon three components: 1) Motivated offender 2) Suitable victim and 3) the absence of capable guardian. Canter (2003) used Dragnet a computerized system which gives the probability of the location of crime where the criminal is likely to commit the crime. Canter and Larkin (1993) gave circle theory of enviornmetal range which states that the criminals are likely to live in the vicinity of the victim as the victim is easily and quickly approachable. A circle is drawn that encompasses all the linked crime which will establish the criminals location. Rossomo (2000) suggested that the criminals are often in the neighborhood of the victim. According to a study (2005) Snook et al, in 63% of the cases the killer lived within the radius of 6 miles from the plac e of offence. It further found that the young offenders tend to travel less while the people with higher I.Qs travelled farther. Limitation: Profiling although an impressive investigative tool has not resulted any criminal in an actual arrest (V. Gerberth, personal communication, Feb 6, 1995) It does not solve the crime but it provides better understanding of the case. Profiling requires understanding of human behavior, background of extensive criminal investigative experience together with proper academic and forensic training. It is important to know that not all the crimes are suitable for profiling. Crimes which needs psychological, social, cultural and psychopathological assessment are appropriate for profiling viz. serial killer, serial rapist, serial arsons, child molestation (Hazelwood Burgess, 1995) Cases involving destruction of property, assault/ murder during the robbery are generally not suitable for profiling. Drug induced crime does not reveal the true personality of the criminal, hence the profiling is not suitable. Conclusion: Though profiling is considered as an ineffective tool for drawing conclusions, it has been used in every field. It is an effort to evaluate and understand the human behavior on different occasions and in given situations. When we review the literature on profiling, the ineffective tool of profiling has been used time and again all over the world in different situations and efforts are made to draw conclusions. Over a period of time, it has evolved as an art when blend with scientific principles can prove to be an effective tool for investigating and understanding human behavior on different occasions. Here the author has made an attempt to review the literature with reference to crime investigation. Acknowledgments: We are grateful for the support and guidance of Dr.J.M.Vyas, Director General, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar .

Frankenstein- Can Comfort Be F :: essays research papers

In the Romantic period of literature, nature was often associated with isolation in a positive way. Throughout the novel, Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley, there is a strong symbolic relationship between loneliness and nature. However, Shelley uses the relationship to show the negativity of being alone. The relationship of nature and loneliness is displayed through three characters in the story: Victor Frankenstein, his creature, and Robert Walton. At the times when the characters are alone and in need of companionship, they feel depressed, confused, and angry; they do not think clearly, and, consequently, they make wrong decisions. They seek refuge in nature, and try to use its beauty to find answers and to fill their void of friendship. Yet, none of the characters ever overcomes their bouts with loneliness because they never find true comfort in nature. Victor Frankenstein claims, “No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself'; (Shelley, 19). His early life was filled with love and nurturing from his parents, his beautiful and adored companion Elizabeth, and his best friend Henry Clerval. However, after he leaves his home to continue his education at Ingolstadt, he remarks, “I, who had ever been surrounded by amiable companions, continually engaged in endeavoring to bestow mutual pleasure, I was now alone'; (Shelley, 25). Frankenstein no longer feels all the happiness he once felt when he was united with his family and friends. He alienates himself from others because he thinks he is “totally unfitted for the company of strangers'; (Shelley, 25). When Frankenstein is at Ingolstadt, he “has a void of the soul'; so profound that he subverts Nature to fill it (qtd. in Renfroe, 2). He conceives, “A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me'; (Shelley, 32). Frankenstein decides to make a creature, to defy the powers of Nature and God -- a poor decision that ruins the rest of his life. When Victor finally succeeds in his quest to possess Nature, “horror and disgust'; fill his heart upon viewing his new creation (qtd. in Renfroe, 2). He sought companionship by capturing Nature and creating someone to honor him for giving them life; but it backfired and he sealed his fate to the wrath of his creature. When Victor Frankenstein is again separated from his beloved family and friends, this time by their deaths, he feels the pains of isolation.

India Against Corruption Essay

According to the Oxford Dictionary, corruption is dishonesty and illegal behavior by people in positions of authority or power. India was ranked 94th out of 176 countries in Transparency International’s, Corruption Perception Index, 2012 on 5th December, 2012. Most of us may have had, at some point or the other in our life, a firsthand experience of offering bribes, using our contacts or influencing people to get work done in government offices or to get jobs in the public sector. Therefore, corruption is not a new term for anyone. As far as handling or trying to stall corruption in India is concerned, one needs to get to the root cause of corruption, and then try to cut the roots in order to handle the whole entity. Another way of curbing corruption is to limit the role of the government in various fields. The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, improper tax structure, complicated licensing systems, lack of transparency in the laws, monopoly by some of the government institutions, discretionary powers in the hands of government departments. In order to handle corruption, one needs to aim at removing these causes. Social activists like Anna Hazare have been working against corruption, but not much success has been achieved. But are these entities really working in the interest of the people is an issue that needs to be pondered upon. It has also been pointed that many prominent figures have had illegal money in the Swiss Banks; such things have been widely covered on the social media, but nevertheless have gone unheeded. Anti corruption laws, Anti corruption police and courts, Anti corruption organizations; all exist in India. These have been formed to bring corruption to a manageable level so that one can give a thought to eliminating corruption. According to some economists, corruption adversely affects the growth rate. It has devastating consequences on the economy. Therefore efforts must be taken to stall it. If there is less of red tape, bribery is eliminated, reduction in interference of government in the private sector is ensured, there is ethical bureaucracy and a proper tax structure and licensing system is ensured and most importantly stringent action against corrupt officials is taken; Corruption can be managed to a certain level. A mass movement though can also be the remedy, just like the one that Mahatma Gandhi led during independence. Since charity begins at home, we must try to check ourselves before we point fingers at others and therefore not indulge in any corrupt malpractices.

Vocabulary Test 2 Is Live!

Vocabulary Test 2 Is Live! Vocabulary Test 2 Is Live! Vocabulary Test 2 Is Live! By Daniel Scocco It was about time to release another one of our tests, right? We are going back to the vocabulary test, with 20 new words. If you have been reading the blog for a while, you shouldnt have a problem scoring a 100%! We covered all the words in the past, inside the Word of the Day column. Here is a teaser: 1. Befuddle means: to harass to threaten to confuse to insult Click here to go to the Vocabulary Test 2 page. Ah, and dont forget to let us know your score with a comment below. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Comma Before ButParticular vs. Specific

Motivation Role in Organizational Management

Motivation Role in Organizational Management Abstract Employee motivation is a critical component that propels organizations into business successes that human resource managers need to factor when recruiting organizational employees and in running organizations. Motivated employees have been identified to be a strong force in improving organizational performance and individual productivity.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Motivation Role in Organizational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation, being a key element in organizational management is the basis upon which this report was written. Companies included in the research were Volkswagen, British Airways, and Audi. A common affront in tackling human resource problems at the technical departments of these companies was identified to be a critical component towards success. Among the theoretical approaches for analyzing the situations included Abraham Maslow’s theory of motivation and Fredrick Hertzberg. Common problems identified in these problems included a lack of individual autonomy in decision making, managerial supervisory roles and their adverse effects on employee productivity, lack of incentive programs, transient attention to cross cultural management, a view of the employee as a commodity solely for profiteering their parent companies, and failure to inspire employees to view organizational success as their success. It has been demonstrated as a feasible to inspire employees with a sense of passion to pursue organizational strategic goals in improving organizational efficiency and productivity. Introduction Current trends in employee productivity relies on a keen commitment by organizational managers in devising better ways of motivating employees to help maintain them, increase their productivity, and their general contribution to organizational efficiency and productivity. It has been demonstrated that employee productivity has a strong correlati on to the motivational approaches manager employ in motivating them. In addition to that, various theories of motivation, spanning Hertzberg to Abraham Maslow and newer approaches play a significant role in motivating employees to higher levels of productivity with direct influences organizational performance. Several examples of organizations that have adopted different approaches in motivating their employees abound.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among them include the Volkswagen, British airways, and Audi. Specific to these companies are common problems at their technical departments that require a common affront to solve them. Appropriate approaches to motivating employees incorporates the broader sense of viewing people in a realistic sense, a complete understanding of human behavior and individual aspirations, a good and strong relationships with emplo yees, and acknowledgement of individual performance at work. In addition to that, these companies are of a global nature and the need to incorporate elements of cross culture management cannot be disputed. Situation Analysis Motivation Though motivation has no rigorous scientific definition or quantitative measure, yet it is a powerful tool that determines employee productivity and organizational efficiency. It is an internal force that stimulates behavior in response to applied stimuli. It takes into account internal and external needs of an individual and catalytically drives the intensity, persistence, and direction taken by an individual in a working environment. That is the case with the current work environment in a number of companies analyzed below. Institutionalized definition of motivation clearly shows a strong correlation between motivation and job performance issues. Situation Analysis One specific example of motivation is the Volkswagen Company, one of the largest moto r vehicle manufacturers in Germany. In the recent past, Volkswagen experienced a series of problems in delivering on time spare parts for its subsidiary plants in china. These late deliveries had a strong correlation with customer buying behavior, company profitability, and customer loyalty. Volkswagen, one of the most popular models in the Chinese market was being frowned upon and loosing customer loyalty due to late deliveries of spare parts. Specific to this was the time spent in waiting for the top management to decide on the specific procedure for manufacturing the spare parts based on the concept of lean manufacturing.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Motivation Role in Organizational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A research into the problems plaguing the company revealed a lack of a motivational component with the technical staff. Statistical realities revealed that employee bonding and rela tionship with the Volkswagen Company had weakened and the component of motivation had reduced to a mere minimum. Motivation as a function of various performance variables in the work place had seriously impeded on the growth and performance of the company. The pitfalls were identified at various stages of motivational process. Among these was evaluation expectations and feedback on the performance of the technical staff. At Volkswagen, performance expectations and feedback on employees was a critical component lacking in the motivational and employee appraisal process. The company lacked specific appraisal methods and standards and the technical staff had little or no autonomy in decision making. Another problem at the industry level was linked to lack of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors at the work place. The technical staff had no autonomy in decision making. A critical analysis of the situation revealed that if the technical staff had autonomy in decision making, they could decide on the specific methods of manufacturing the spare parts which could be delivered to the destination market on time. Several researchers into motivational theories affirm the fact that specialized personnel required a degree of autonomy in the use of specialized skills at the workplace to confront environments that require real time decisions. An incredible researcher in the field of motivation, Fredrick Herzberg studied the theory of motivation in relation to hygiene factors. In his study, Herzberg concluded that hygiene factors such as salary did not increase motivation but found out that other factors led to self satisfaction were central in determining the motivation of individuals at the work place.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Self satisfaction, according to Hertzberg had a strong relationship with work productivity and overall organizational performance. Therefore, a critical analysis of Volkswagen’s product delivery problems had a strong relationship with the lack of motivation specific to autonomy in decision making. Hertzberg’s view of motivation factored job enlargement and job enrichment coupled with autonomy in decision making to impact positively on organizational performance, a situation lacking with Volkswagen Company. Other factors that were identified to relate strongly with self satisfaction and performance at the technical department included increase in skill task identity. Task identity entailed an individual’s understanding of the extent to which one’s skills contributed to the success in the efficiency and quality of spare parts manufactured at the technical department of the company. It was worth realizing that specialized skills required for one to work in t his department demanded to be emphased on. Autonomy and independence at the place of work was identified to be a lacking element in the technical department. Specialized personnel need not be under supervision in executing their duties. Rather, a degree of autonomy at the workplace coupled with independence inspires confidence and propels individuals to self determination and satisfaction. When individuals perform specialized tasks that require specialized skills without any sense of an obligation to a supervisor, it has been demonstrated that they perform better than when under supervision. This was a critical factor with Volkswagen motor company. Serious concerns related to motivation at Volkswagen’s technical division revealed critical incidents lacking in the motivation of the workforce. Among these included failure by the management to incorporate training programs for technical personnel in integrating a variety of skills in running the department. Managers who value th e well being of their employees incorporate training programs as an incentive to diversify their skills and knowledge, a critical component lacking with the Volkswagen Company. A further analysis of the situation revealed that the company’s motivational approaches lacked the essential component of task identity. Task identity for the technical staff demented their identity to task performance. No technical person could claim specialization on a specific production line. In addition to that, the significance of task performance was lacking, a critical element in motivating employees (Coillie Mechelen, 1). Volkswagen’s approach on motivating employees received a further pitfall on further analysis of their motivational approaches. There was not a framework for communicating feedback to the employees on its appraisal schemes and approaches. Feedback elicits decision making based on information received from the management and customers (Coillie Mechelen, 1). Another com pany of interest is the British airways. While the company has a motivational scheme for its employees, a critical analysis of their motivation methods fails to factor critical motivational components into the company’s approach in motivating employees. This is further illustrated by a spate of strikes that have engulfed the company’s technical staff in the recent past (Berecz, 12). The British airways embedded in the culture of continuous improvements and quality in addition to reliability and safety employs soft and hard human resource management models across the various levels of management in the company. In Berecz argument, besides that, the company’s training approaches do not reflect the component of human capital but is rather geared towards reflecting it as a luxury investment (24). The hard model reflects the strategic aspects of human resource management approach of headcount as an economic factor where technical employees are viewed as a commodity. Thus management integrates the aspect of human resource development and performance evaluations as strategic tools in improving on employee productivity and service quality. This approach is centered on rewards as a tool for employees and organizational efficiency. In addition to that, individual performance appraisals coupled with performance pay are integrated in the motivation criteria (Berecz, 50). On the other hand, the soft models approach view organizational employees as valuable assets that need to be evaluated and developed through learning processes that position the British airways at a strategic advantage over its competitors. The soft model is a transition from technical issues to technical approaches that emphasize on human needs in relation to their activities (Berecz, 67). An analysis of the hard model does not reflect an entire integration of various theories of motivation. Management need to integrate different theories of motivation and approaches to different sit uations. Human motivation, according to a well known theorist and researcher on motivation, Abraham Maslow views motivation from the aspect of psychological needs of individuals (Berecz, 100). According to Maslow, once an individual’s psychological needs have been met, one aspires to have safety needs satisfied in the hierarchy of needs. However, a critical evaluation of British airways reveals a lack of the important elements particularly social, esteem, and self-actualization needs factored into the hard model concept. Rather, human capital is viewed as a variable which responds to changes  of financial rewards. Source: https://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/theories-of-motivation-gcse A further analysis of the motivational approaches in this company revealed that the models used by this company did not allow employees to develop strong bonding with their company. Berecz argues that when employees develop a strong bond with the organization they work for, there is b ound to be a significant inclination to better performance and improved productivity (100). This approach creates employee royalty and productivity. A successful organization reflects successful and satisfied employees. Another case reflective of motivation problems with technical department and is illustrated at the AUDI motor company. Though the company has various incentives and attractive conditions and working environment, when Dr. Werner joined the company in the capacity of a human resource manager, he set about setting goals and objectives that could see the company resolve issues at the technical department related to its employee motivational approaches (Berecz, 107). The technical department at AUDI indicated a drop in employee productivity and performance and it was increasingly becoming clear that the technical staff had a problem. A critical analysis of the situation revealed that they were not getting the right motivation. Konig Steel argue that to achieve the objec tives that were newly spelt by the new manager, there was need for an overhaul in the company’s approach in motivating the technical staff (891). Success of a company has a strong relationship with individual successes of its employees. Employee productivity, the quality of work, and efficiency are variables that depend on the quality of management. A better managed organization finds these factors core in encouraging employee readiness to better quality performances. Thus, performance is a critical element in employee productivity. This is based on the argument that people have an intrinsic nature to want to perform for personal development. Better performance translates directly to success. Thus well motivated employees have the passion to see their company succeed. In addition to that, Audi is a company of international repute. An analysis of the situation of the organization reveals that the company does not have a strong framework for cross-cultural management (Konig St eel, 890). Dickson, Hartog, Mitchelson define cross culture as an approach to managing and running business organizations in a multicultural environment (1). The concept adds value to a company’s workforce in reflecting multiculturalism. The company is therefore less likely to be dominated by a single organizational culture in the face of a diversity of cultures. In addition to that, management is bound to come up with approaches and strategies of integrating different cultures in the working environment with innovative intelligence to achieve team cohesiveness and oneness of purpose in pursuing organizational goals (Dickson,Hartog, Mitchelson, 3). When managers are unaware of cross cultural issues, a range of problems are bound to arise in their leadership. These managers lead a workforce and customers from multicultural backgrounds. One of these adverse effects is the likelihood of team cohesiveness disintegrating and the unlikelihood of managers estimating the actual imp act of their lack of cross cultural knowledge. Therefore, a learning manager should identify cross cultural implications between different cultures on the contractual relationships between individuals, self assertions and coordination, individual conscience versus obedience and values, learn group attributes of different cultures, and effective strategies of controlling individual and group behaviors. The manager should learn the foundational structure of society and hierarchy involved. Add to that, managers and employees should incorporate the process of integrating different cultures into one culture by making observations and create positive impact on the hosting culture before entering the collision phases where individuals cultivate confidence in the hosting environment by experiencing cultural shock and an evaluation of one’s cultural departure. Results An analysis of the case studies identified above revealed various pitfalls and problems in the technical departments o f the companies covered in the discussion and the approaches of motivating employees in the three companies. Each of the models used to a given extent proved successful, but had no clear cut motivational approaches of solving various issues associated with employee motivation at the technical departments of the cases discussed above. In addition to that, employees had no autonomy in decision making besides cross culture management issues (Bryant karseten, 1). Identified problems included management approach in using a single approach in motivating employees. This included the application of incentives without due regard to employee physiological needs and other motivational factors. Other issues raised in the research included a lack of cross cultural management in the management approaches of these organizations. Other aspects sharing a commonality across the organizations with regard to employee motivation at the technical departments of these organizations was a critical failure of management to merge motivational theories, organizational behavioral concepts, and distinctly tailored programs for employee motivation. There were no clear cut employee satisfaction schemes, lack of listening techniques, employee work ownerships, and the opportunity for the specialized personnel to exercise their skills. Recommendations To successfully drive and maintain these companies as global business leaders, motivation has been identified as a key element in driving employee performance to higher levels of productivity. To that end, each organization should remove some controls and empower employees in decision making. That could impart the culture of accountability and individual responsibility in decision making in their workplace. In addition to that, skilled employees may be required to work on whole units of work to allow them greater autonomy in the manufacturing process. These, coupled with freedom of movement and better communication channels could help management cooperate with them while they are made to own the company developing a strong bond in the process. Further recommendations span reporting and feedbacks. Employees need to be informed directly on the quality of their work removing the hierarchical reporting relationships between employees and the management through supervisors. This approach inculcates a sense of personal responsibility at the work place. In addition to that, these organizations need to provide feedback on employee performance. Each organization should encourage the element of thinking smart while incorporating incentives at team and individual levels. Each of the tangible incentive programs should be evaluated by every organization and incentives offered based on the best model organization adapts to. These models include fixed rate, quota based, tournament, and piece rate incentives. Conclusion An analysis of the problems encountered at the technical departments of Volkswagen, British airways and the Audi motor c ompanies bear a close similarity and are significantly driven by the most critical element, motivation with its variables. Different theorists, industrial practitioners and researchers into motivational theories at industrial and individual levels argue that motivation is a key element in driving organizations to higher levels of performance and individual productivity. Each company should develop its own model tailored towards employee motivation in enhancing employee productivity and organizational performance. Berecz, John, M. Theories of Personality. A Zonal Perspective 1 st ed. Boston. Allyn Bacon, 2008. Bryant, Ben Josen, Karseten. Cross Cultural Leadership. Aug. 2008. Web. Coillie, Van, H. Iven Van Mechelen. Expected consequences of anger-related  behaviours. European Journal of Personality, 20.2 (2006)137-15. Dickson, Marcus. W., Hartog, Deanne. N.D., Mitchelson, Jacqueline. K., 2003. Research on leadership in a cross-cultural context: Making progress, and raising new questions. 23 Sept. 2003. Web. Konig, Cornelius, J. Steel Piers. Integrating Theories of Motivation. Academy of Management Review. 3.4, (2006) 888-893.

Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff

Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff The ancient Chinese film titled Red Cliff showcases Chinese epic war. The film’s concepts were borrowed from the battle of red cliffs and occurrences, which took place during the final stages of Han Dynasty. In addition, the film was produced just before the emancipation of the famous Chinese three kingdoms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The film symbolizes the Chinese interpretation of various aspects of life such as the relationship between man and nature, and the relationship between an individual and the state. This paper endeavors to analyze how the film Red Cliff displays the Chinese interpretation of various aspects of life, most importantly, the relationship between man and nature, and the relationship between an individual and the state. An Overview of Battle of Red Cliffs The battle of red cliffs marked the end of the Han Dynasty. A great warrior known as Cao Cao led his group from the South and fought with his rivals who were led by Liu Cong. As a result, Liu Cong gave up Jing Province (McCurry 5). This was a significant achievement for Cao Cao. After Cao Cao had captured Jing Province, other rivals united to oppose him. Lu Su and Lie Bei combined and formed a strong force that fought Cao Cao’s men at Red Cliffs (Elley 6). The battle between Cao Cao’s warlords and the combined force consisting of Su and Bei’s supporters is known as the battle of red cliffs. The combined force rattled Cao Cao’s men forcing them to retreat. Consequently, Cao Cao conceded defeat. As a result, Cao Cao flew to the North. This boosted the strength of Su and Bei’s territories. Cao Cao decided to consolidate his power in the North. Later, another ruler known as Sun fought Cao Cao and captured Jing Province. After the death of Cao Cao, Lu declared him self as the king of Han Dynasty. However, the remnants of the Han Dynasty engaged in various fights until the dynasty collapsed completely. The collapse of the Dynasty paved way for the emergence of the three kingdoms (McCurry 5). An Overview of the Three Kingdoms The three Kingdoms is a Chinese historical era, which was mainly characterized by disunity. It occurred immediately after the collapse of Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty is considered as a significant historical event that has shaped Chinese political and cultural aspects. During the Han Dynasty era, China was divided into various regions, which served as administrative posts (Tang 7). In addition, the country had a number of autonomous kingdoms. During the Han Dynasty, China realized economic prosperity. The country was divided into three regional markets. They included the Northwest, the North and the Sichuan. In addition, the routes connecting the three markets were manmade, and they were controlled by the government. The government had immense power and it controlled many affairs. When the Han Dynasty collapsed, the three kingdoms emerged.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This period is regarded as the bloodiest in the Country’s history. It was marred with violence as each kingdom fought for supremacy (Tang 7). However, during the three kingdoms period, the county realized numerous technological advancements (Elley 8). The three kingdoms finally collapsed following disagreements between leaders of the rival kingdoms. Many individuals who lived during this period have become legends. The film titled Red Cliff mirrors the events of the battle of red cliff. A critical Analysis The first Chinese model explaining the relationship between an individual and the state was documented by Zhang Taiyan (UCP, 2004). Zhang engineered the nationalism concept. Individuals are supposed to put thei r nation first (UCP 3). This concept is reflected in the film Red Cliff. In the Film, which is a reflection of the battle of red cliffs, which occurred many centuries ago, each leader puts the country’s interest first. In the film, there are several rival territories each competing for sovereignty as was the case in the battle of red cliffs. For example, the character who mimics Cao Coa aims at solidifying his region’s economic and military prowess. Thus, he fights his rival, Liu Cong in order to capture Jing province. Jing province was an economic and agricultural centre and any leader wanted to control this province. In the film, Red Cliff, the character who is portrayed as Coa Coa shows nationalism by fighting in order to secure a key economic territory for his kingdom. Likewise, the other leaders like Lu Su and Lie Bei fought for the benefit of their territories. At that time, each territory was seen as an independent state, so each leader strived to protect his te rritory. The approach used by Lu Su and Lie Bei in which they formed an allied force to oppose Coa Coa’s rivalry, is also highlighted in the film on Red Cliff. This is another sign of the Chinese interpretation of nationalism. The two leaders, Lu Su and Lie Bei, represent true nationalism by joining forces to conquer the enemy. According to Zhan’s interpretation of nationalism, individuals are supposed to cooperate during hard times (UCP 3). In addition, the Chinese interpretation with regard to the relationship between man and nature is best explained ecologically. On top of that, the relationship between man and nature is also linked to the Chinese concept of Confucianism. Thus, the respect for humanity is paramount. Since man relies on nature, Chinese believed that nature has to be guarded against harm. This concept is also portrayed in the film Red Cliff. The rival parties did not interfere with nature. Chinese believe that nature and man are friends and their frie ndship should not be compromised. Chinese believed that there â€Å"is a need to awe the mandate of heaven and the benevolent regarding anything under heaven and on earth as an integral unity† (Meng 1). Chinese tradition with regard to nature has received global fame. The Chinese culture sees man as an integral part of nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Interpretation of Various Aspects of Life through the Film titled Red Cliff specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the Chinese tradition, taking life as the essence of benevolence enlivens not only the human consciousness of life, but also an ecology oriented consciousness† (Meng 1). These aspects are portrayed in the film of Red Cliffs. Red Cliff showcases Chinese epic war between rival territories. However, even in the midst of a tough battle, nature is guarded. This is a clear interpretation of the Chinese view with regard to the r elationship between man and nature. Conclusion This paper has noted that the concepts of the film Red Cliff were borrowed from battle of red cliffs and occurrences, which took place during the final stages of Han Dynasty. The film symbolizes the Chinese interpretation of various aspects of life such as the relationship between man and nature, and the relationship between an individual and the state. The battle of the Red Cliff marked the end of the Han Dynasty. A great warrior known as Cao Cao led his group from the south and fought with his rivals who were led by Liu Cong. As a result, Liu Cong gave up Jing Province. This led to the emancipation of the three kingdoms. The three Kingdoms is a Chinese historical era, which was mainly characterized by disunity. It occurred immediately after the collapse of Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty is considered as a significant historical event that has shaped Chinese political and cultural aspects. The first Chinese model explaining the relations hip between an individual and the state was documented by Zhang Taiyan (UCP, 2004). Zhang engineered the nationalism concept. Individuals are supposed to put their nation first (UCP 5). In the film Red Cliff, the main character shows nationalism by fighting to secure a key economic territory for his kingdom. Likewise, the other characters mimic leaders like Lu Su and Lie Bei also fight for their regions’ wellbeing. At that time, each territory was seen as an independent state, so each leader strived to protect his territory. The approach used by Lu SU and Lie Bei in which they formed an allied force to oppose Coa Coa’s rivalry is also highlighted in the film Red Cliff. This is another sign of the Chinese interpretation of nationalism. In addition, the Chinese interpretation with regard to the relationship between man and nature is best explained ecologically. On top of that, the relationship between man and nature is also linked to the Chinese concept of Confucianism. Thus, the respect for humanity is paramount. Since man relies on nature, Chinese believe that nature has to be guarded from harm. These aspects are portrayed in the film Red Cliffs. Red Cliff showcases Chinese epic war between rival territories. However, even in the midst of a tough battle, nature is guarded. This is a clear interpretation of the Chinese view with regard to the relationship between man and nature; man and nature are friends.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Elley, Derek. The Red Cliff Review. Moviereviews 29 June 2008. Web. McCurry, Justin. â€Å"Chinese epic loses the plot as actors quit  £40m project†. The Guardian 2 April 2007: 1-10. Web. Meng, Peiyuan. Relationship Between Man and Nature in Traditional Human Rights Concepts of China and West. Chinesestudies 4 May 2008. Web. Tang, Ayu. Choice of Kaneshiro as Zhuge Liang criticized. Asiansite 12 March 2007. Web. University of Califonia Press (UCP). The Relationship between the Individual and the People. Chinesestudies 7 May 2004. Web.

Caffeine affects blood pressure Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Caffeine affects blood pressure - Term Paper Example It is categorized as a psychoactive drug, but its consumption is legal. The substance has several pharmacological actions peripherally and also centrally. It is an antagonist of adenosine, a neuromodulator, blocking the actions of adenosine which are inhibitory (Hartley et al, 2001). Thus, caffeine has a stimulatory effect on the central nervous system. Typical doses of caffeine in day to day consumption are less than 500mg, while the toxic doses are more than 10 grams (James, 2004). Consumption of caffeine can have both negative and positive side effects and is predominantly individual and dose based. Positive effects include protection against Parkinson's disease. Negative side effects include disruption of sleep, elevated blood pressure and elevated heart rate. Caffeine effects on blood pressure are a much controversial topic and several studies have been conducted to ascertain its role in elevating blood pressure and contribution to cardiovascular disease. This effect merits impo rtance, because caffeine is consumed by many people worldwide and this includes populations who have hypertension. In this essay, the effects of caffeine on blood pressure will be discussed. Discussion Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist. Adenosine is a neuromodulator and inhibition of adenosine causes increased activity of various other hormones like adrenaline, dopamine, cortisol and endorphins. At higher doses, caffeine can also cause inhibition of GABA neurotransmission leading to insomnia, anxiety and increased respiratory rate and heart rate. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and placental barrier readily because it is water soluble. In the brain, it acts as a non-selective adenosine antagonist because of its structural similarity to adenosine (Dunwiddie and Masino, 2001). Some studies have shown that administration of caffeine in doses comparable to those consumed everyday can lead to acute elevation in blood pressure by 5-15 mmHg of systolic pressures and 5-10mmHg of diasto lic pressures (James, 2004).. The effects pertaining to elevated blood pressures can last several hours in both sexes and in individuals of all age groups. Another important finding in these studies is the fact that the effect is additive to that caused by other factors like smoking and stress. Effect of caffeine on blood pressure varies from individual to individual and elevations in blood pressure may be an individual susceptibility. Individuals who already have hypertension or borderline hypertension may be even more susceptible. Caffeine can also have synergistic action on blood pressure in times of psychological stress exaggerating the increase in blood pressure. Thus, indirectly caffeine can contribute to cardiovascular disease (James, 2004). One interesting aspect is that the effects on blood pressure are inversely proportional to the number of portions consumed on a particular day. For instance, the initial portion of caffeine produces the greatest hemodynamic effect when co mpared to later portions (James, 2004). According to a study by James (2004), there is extensive evidence over the fact that consumption of caffeine in dietary doses increases blood pressure. However, it is unclear whether this has an impact on cardiovascular disease because habitual use of caffeine leads to tolerance and epidemiologic findings regarding the impact of caffeine on cardiovascular disease is confusing. . Several experimental and epidemiologic studies have proven the impact of dietary caffeine on blood

Osteoporosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Osteoporosis - Essay Example Such process continues until one reaches the age of 30 when the bone mass or density peaks. (Anderson) However, when osteoporosis sets in, the normal replenishment of old bone tissue is substantially disrupted ("The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia"). Given this disorder, the calcium and protein from the bone are depleted. This results in abnormal bone quality or reduced bone density. As such, bones inflicted with osteoporosis can be severely fractured through cracking or collapsing with only a minor fall or injury that would not usually lead to a serious bone damage. ("MedicineNet") One of the primary causes of osteoporosis is related to age. After age 30, the normal process of growth of new bone and absorption of existing bone by the body starts to reverse. Deemed as part of the aging process, bone dissolves and is absorbed at a faster rate that new bone is made, thus, bone becomes thinner. This condition is also aggravated by insufficient consumption of calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus. ("American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists") Another cause of osteoporosis specifically in women is the decrease in the production of estrogen, a hormone considered to provide protection against bone loss. The increase in bone loss is said to occur around menopause ("American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists"). In the same way, men become more prone to suffer from osteoporosis when production of testosterone declines. With this, men aged above 65 typically experience osteoporosis. Risk Factors As mentioned, the probability of developing osteoporosis is augmented as one ages due to the thinning of the bones. Note that both men and women lose around 0.4% of bone per year on the average after reaching age 30 ("American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists"). However, osteoporosis does not usually have an effect on afflicted patients until they reach 60 years old ("WebMD"). In terms of gender, women generally have relatively smaller frames and lighter bones as compared to men. As such, women are said to be almost four times more likely to contract osteoporosis that men (Anderson). The reduction in estrogen and testosterone also increases the risk of osteoporosis in both women and men, respectively. The decrease in the production of these hormones that help maintain normal levels of calcium and other minerals required for normal bone regeneration, usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55. ("American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists") Other risk factors identified include smoking and alcohol use. Based on studies, smokers are observed to lose bone thickness faster than non-smokers. Meanwhile, excessive consumption of alcohol is said to cause bone growth reduction and increased risk of falling. It should be highlighted though that studies also show a correlation between moderate alcohol use and higher bone thickness. With this, most doctors prescribe limiting but not completely eliminating alcohol consumption. ("WebMD") Moreover, sedentary lifestyle or lack in weight-bearing exercises such as walking, jogging, stair climbing and dancing among others increase the risk of bone-mass loss ("The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia"). In line with this, a diet consisting of protein and

Reflective Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflective Paper - Assignment Example The following discussion is how the concepts in the book helped our group negotiate areas that might have led to a breakdown of communication or worse. Discussion Process Elements The first concept that will be explored will be the concept regarding process elements. Young et al. states that group members may interact in different ways to create new elements that might affect problem-solving. One of the process elements is participation, and Young et al. is careful to note that, while communication between group members is crucial, also crucial is that time-wasters and conversational bullies are kept to a minimum within the group. He also notes that there is a multi-cultural element to participation, in that certain group members from certain cultures will be less likely to participate in group discussion than would other members from different cultures. For instance, some individuals may come from a culture that respects elders and leaders, and would be, therefore, less likely to ch allenge the group leader or to play devil's advocate with members of the group. One thing that I did notice in my group, which was a four member group of three undergraduate students, and one graduate student, me, was that the three members of the group deferred to me a great deal. ... So, my ideas were less challenged than were the other members of the group. I also did not really deal too much with conversational bullies and time-wasters, although there was one person in the group who enjoyed gossiping and talking about subjects off-topic. I was usually able to steer the conversation back to what we were working on, which was a children's book, so our group was successful in this regard. I was able to take a procedural role in the group, which is another aspect of process elements. Everybody was assigned a role, although our overall group was collaborative. Young et al. states that everybody in the group should have a role, which is what makes the group run smoother. Rather this role consists of organizing the work, leading the group, or managing interpersonal relationships, everybody should take a role that helps the group run. My role was administrative; another person's role was time-keeping, in that this person would ensure that our group was on-task for the minutes that were allotted to each task; another member was the unofficial diplomat of the group, and that person smoothed out conflicts, while discouraging any kind of group behavior that might undermine the group, such as egocentric and attention-seeking behavior; and other members of the group were more like the creative directors, people who were able to facilitate our creativity on the project, and keep us on task for every element of the project. Active Listening Another aspect of the group process was that all of us were taught to actively listen. Young et al. states that this is a process that is crucial to group development and cohesion. Following the rules that Young et al. states

Post-Modern Anthropology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Post-Modern Anthropology - Dissertation Example Postmodern anthropology provided solutions that religion did not fathom to the problem of mental illness. Over long time religion patented that madness could only be controlled but not cured, but with advent of the anthropological theory, â€Å"religion was part of the movement which indicated in spite of everything the presence of reason of madness and which led from insanity to health† (Michael and Richard 1961:394). The understanding of the real nature of madness helped in deriving a way the fear that had been passing down like an evocation of a common nature. Before the adoption of the contemporary anthropology, the society was encapsulated with an error that alienated the people of their freedom and joy. As a result of the theory, madness could cause no more fear and the solitary attitude and character that existed between the sane and the madman disappeared. The use of such theory enabled the understanding of the ancient mythical methods of treatments of such illnesses i n the olden society and also provided the cause of such diseases thereby enabling the acquisition of medication. â€Å"The obscure guilt that once linked transgression and unreason is thus shifted; the madman, as human being originally endowed with reason is no longer guilty of being mad† and can instead now feel morally responsible and respected especially because the disease can be treated. Natural religion which was mostly a local cures’ concern proved effective. It made use of the benevolence of nature to cure.

Professional Development Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional Development Plan - Term Paper Example Professional Development Plan My educational life was initially like that of any other learner. Elementary school and high school education was similar to that of any other learners. My interest, however, was based in the sciences. I had the desire to understand the working of the human body and what causes disease. My nature inclines me to caring for people, so seeing people suffer really affects me. I am a firm believer that if all people worked together to help those who are less fortunate, the world would be more habitable for all. Interest in sciences directed me to participate in science clubs and activities all through my elementary and high school education. I also actively participated in the first aid society at my school. The members participated in community service. Community service has been a significant part of my learning life. Whenever opportunities presented themselves, I found this experience enlightening. I am currently pursuing a nursing career, and I have an associate degree which helped me realize the aspects that nursing incorporates. During the course of study, I was able to get experience in addressing real-life patient situations. My goals are, however, focused on advancing my nursing career beyond my current qualifications. There are several options that I could pursue, and as such, ensure a productive career that not only is fulfilling, but also of benefit to the society. In planning for my nursing career, I have come to the realization that following a course without planning is equivalent to career suicide.

Surveying Processes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Surveying Processes - Assignment Example All the exterior walls are included when the surveyor is taking the foot print. Elevation is another common surveying term which refers to the height which is usually above sea level. This point usually describes the house which is to be constructed and how high is it from sea level. Site plan is a very common surveying term which includes all the dimensions; the site drainage is often the most important point when the site plan is being talked about. Monument refers to marking, a position is marked which is used for future reference Heading usually refers to direction which is magnetic and is determined with the help of a compass Tolerance refers to the precision of a measurement and it is a mathematical term which is very important when it comes to the process of surveying Architecture and trigonometry go hand in hand; it has several major uses when it comes to surveying sites and determining solutions to various arduous problems. The curving surfaces need perfect calculations only then one can build buildings, without the proper use of trigonometry these buildings would just fall after a few days. It is imperative to determine the proper height of a building and that is where trigonometry comes into play, creating dimensional objects also require the much needed assistance of trigonometry. The demarcations of cubicles can only be determined by the proper use of trigonometry, these cubicles are crucial in an office building. It also determines the no of people required to complete a task because it lays out a structure on which the construction workers work upon. Having accurate measurements gives a building its strength and this is unimaginable without the proper use of trigonometric ratios. The following will serve as a classic example to prove the above point: A surveyor who has been asked to lay out a design for a bridge goes and calculates the width of the river over which the bridge is to be constructed, the surveyor has to apply the sine and the cosine ratios to be able to calculate the width and lay out a proper design for the bridge to be constructed only then the workers can start the work. This is why trigonometry is extremely important and all the top constructions engineers are really good at mathematics. Common Surveying Equipment: The following section will comprehensively present the most common surveying equipment. Measuring Wheels: Measuring wheels are very widely used by surveyors to measure distance from one point to another. These measuring wheels become all the more important when the surveyor is in a hurry; they are employed when distance is to be measured in a hurry. These measuring wheels come in different shapes and sizes, the small wheel is employed for indoor measurement, the medium wheel is perhaps the best as it can used both indoor as well as outdoor and lastly there is a large wheel which can be used only for outdoor purposes. Compasses and Clinometers: Slope readings, sight directions and height readings become easier to take with the help of compasses and clinometers. Brush Axes: Brush axes are mainly used to clear the area which is blocking the line-of-sight; it is always good to carry extra axes just in case the surveyor breaks his axes. Automatic Levels: Automatic levels are great tools

Post-Modern Anthropology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Post-Modern Anthropology - Dissertation Example Postmodern anthropology provided solutions that religion did not fathom to the problem of mental illness. Over long time religion patented that madness could only be controlled but not cured, but with advent of the anthropological theory, â€Å"religion was part of the movement which indicated in spite of everything the presence of reason of madness and which led from insanity to health† (Michael and Richard 1961:394). The understanding of the real nature of madness helped in deriving a way the fear that had been passing down like an evocation of a common nature. Before the adoption of the contemporary anthropology, the society was encapsulated with an error that alienated the people of their freedom and joy. As a result of the theory, madness could cause no more fear and the solitary attitude and character that existed between the sane and the madman disappeared. The use of such theory enabled the understanding of the ancient mythical methods of treatments of such illnesses i n the olden society and also provided the cause of such diseases thereby enabling the acquisition of medication. â€Å"The obscure guilt that once linked transgression and unreason is thus shifted; the madman, as human being originally endowed with reason is no longer guilty of being mad† and can instead now feel morally responsible and respected especially because the disease can be treated. Natural religion which was mostly a local cures’ concern proved effective. It made use of the benevolence of nature to cure.

Surveying Processes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Surveying Processes - Assignment Example All the exterior walls are included when the surveyor is taking the foot print. Elevation is another common surveying term which refers to the height which is usually above sea level. This point usually describes the house which is to be constructed and how high is it from sea level. Site plan is a very common surveying term which includes all the dimensions; the site drainage is often the most important point when the site plan is being talked about. Monument refers to marking, a position is marked which is used for future reference Heading usually refers to direction which is magnetic and is determined with the help of a compass Tolerance refers to the precision of a measurement and it is a mathematical term which is very important when it comes to the process of surveying Architecture and trigonometry go hand in hand; it has several major uses when it comes to surveying sites and determining solutions to various arduous problems. The curving surfaces need perfect calculations only then one can build buildings, without the proper use of trigonometry these buildings would just fall after a few days. It is imperative to determine the proper height of a building and that is where trigonometry comes into play, creating dimensional objects also require the much needed assistance of trigonometry. The demarcations of cubicles can only be determined by the proper use of trigonometry, these cubicles are crucial in an office building. It also determines the no of people required to complete a task because it lays out a structure on which the construction workers work upon. Having accurate measurements gives a building its strength and this is unimaginable without the proper use of trigonometric ratios. The following will serve as a classic example to prove the above point: A surveyor who has been asked to lay out a design for a bridge goes and calculates the width of the river over which the bridge is to be constructed, the surveyor has to apply the sine and the cosine ratios to be able to calculate the width and lay out a proper design for the bridge to be constructed only then the workers can start the work. This is why trigonometry is extremely important and all the top constructions engineers are really good at mathematics. Common Surveying Equipment: The following section will comprehensively present the most common surveying equipment. Measuring Wheels: Measuring wheels are very widely used by surveyors to measure distance from one point to another. These measuring wheels become all the more important when the surveyor is in a hurry; they are employed when distance is to be measured in a hurry. These measuring wheels come in different shapes and sizes, the small wheel is employed for indoor measurement, the medium wheel is perhaps the best as it can used both indoor as well as outdoor and lastly there is a large wheel which can be used only for outdoor purposes. Compasses and Clinometers: Slope readings, sight directions and height readings become easier to take with the help of compasses and clinometers. Brush Axes: Brush axes are mainly used to clear the area which is blocking the line-of-sight; it is always good to carry extra axes just in case the surveyor breaks his axes. Automatic Levels: Automatic levels are great tools

ELL Schools and Families Essay Example for Free

ELL Schools and Families Essay The population of English Language Learners (ELL) are increasing in educational institutions primarily influenced by globalization and immigration. It has been projected that within the coming years, the percentage of children attending educational institutions in the country shall be non-English speakers. The term ELL is brought about by the shift in the English language-learning paradigm that represents the trend in language acquisition. (Bank Street) The increasing population of ELL’s are putting pressures on the educational atmosphere as educational institutions are forced to alter their curriculum to accommodate the needs and concerns of the learners. (Abedi, 2002) Integrating a program for ELL’s in the school setting is a great challenge for the educational institution, the teacher, the learner, and one’s family. Teaching non-English speakers who are not able to both understand and speak the language is more difficult than teaching English speakers the rules of the language are, for instance. Challenges include the need for educational institutions to implement a curriculum that fits the requirements of the ELL’s. Teachers, on the other hand need to be aware of the appropriate techniques and strategies that would be efficient in the success of language accommodation and acculturation. For learners, engaging in an unfamiliar environment is not motivating them to eagerly learn. (Mercuri, 2003) To address the problems and concerns that ELL’s face in the learning environment, society looks to the involvement of the family in order to strengthen the school as an institution that fully supports English language learners. (Collier Thomas, 1999) Family involvement play a significant role during the learning process of ELL’s. According to a research conducted in order to determine guidelines that the No Child Left Behind Act shall implement, the involvement of family members to school activities such as programs that aims to promote development of academic standing and preparation for the next level of English language learning increases the chance of successes that a learner shall be able to accomplish. This is because families understand the needs and the difficulties of their children, and are also able to see their progress with regards to academics, pushing them to encourage, support, and value learning as an integral part of their children’s success. (Epstein, 2004) Moreover, it is the responsibility of the school to build a relationship with the family of the learner in order to inform them of the developmental stages and the changes that the children are going to experience, as they grow older. This particular knowledge gives families the idea of how to build a supportive home environment that boosts learning. This particular interaction between the school and the family allows the educational institution to understand the cultural background of families and determine their goals and objectives for their children when it comes to English language learning. (Epstein, 2004) Providing a supportive sociocultural environment is at the heart of tapping into the potential of ELL’s to benefit largely from the English language learning program. Interaction between the educational institution and the families contributes to this objective. Looking at their parents interact with the members of the educational institution motivates learners to build relationships with the institution as well, without any apprehensions as brought about by fear of cultural rejection. (Collier Thomas, 1999) An article written by Rhona Barton for the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory discovers cases wherein active involvement of parents leads to academic success of the learners, especially in socially interacting within the school environment. (Barton, 2006) Educational institutions with English language learning programs do not necessarily implement the use of the English language at home, as decisions regarding the matter are based on cultural considerations. Schools should consider the importance of native language to ELL’s and their families. However, the continued use of English at home and the support of the family when it comes to home language speeds up the learning process, schools still acknowledge that the ELL’s are aware of language learning based on their knowledge of their native language. (Ortiz, 2001) Schools should also provide alternatives for families in order for them to adjust or cope with the changes that ELL affects within their family life. Schools should inform them of educational options such as tutorial services that are made available at home or in schools, support groups within the community that assists families in their needs and concerns regarding the issue of English language learning. Family counseling is also an option as it allows medical professionals to help in determining problems or obstacles that the family shall be facing, and strengthening family relationships in order to withstand the challenges of immersing into a community and cultural environment that they are not familiar with. For specific problems such as financial aspect of English language learning, the federal government entitles families to funding as authorized by the federal Title I funding program. (Ortiz, 2001) Partnership of educational institutions with families are best established through communication and social interaction. Schools should be able to develop and maintain a stable relationship with the families that is primarily grounded on the objective of affecting learning and making ELL’s experience success within the unfamiliar learning environment. Moreover, through this, schools are enriched and enlightened with the knowledge of different cultural backgrounds within the school environment and be able to modify the learning atmosphere to fit the culture, beliefs, and traditions of non-English speakers. Teachers should be able to communicate the needs and concerns of ELL’s to their families, in order for them to understand how they are going accommodate the needs of their children who are involved in English language learning. Schools should establish regular meetings with the teachers, and ask them to get involved with programs and school activities that harness English language learning and support the need of their children to learn the English language. If possible, home visitations are one of the best ways to establish a strong foundation of relationship between the school and the families. (Barton, 2006) References Abedia, J. (2002). â€Å"Assessment and Accommodation of English Language: Issues, Concerns, and Recommendations. † Retrieved May 1, 2008, from NCA Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement. Website: http://www. ncacasi. org/jsi/2002v3i1/assessment Bank Street. (2008). â€Å"English Language Learners: Working with Children Whom English is a New Language. † Retrieved May 1, 2008, from Bank Street. Website: http://www. bnkst. edu/literacyguide/ell. html Barton, R. (2006). â€Å"Forging Family Ties. † Retrieved May 2, 2008, from Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. Website: http://www. nwrel. org/nwedu/11-03/forge/ Collier, V. P. Thomas, W. P. (1999). â€Å"Making U. S. Schools Effective for English Language Learners, Part 3. † TESOL Matters, Vol. 9, No. 6. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from TESOL. Website: http://www. tesol. org/s_tesol/sec_document. asp? CID=196DID=826 Epstein, J. (2004). â€Å"Meeting NCLB Requirements for Family Involvement. † Middle Ground, Vol. 4, No. 3. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from National Middle School Association. Website: http://www. nmsa. org/portals/0/pdf/publications/On_Target/family_involvement/family_9. pdf Mercuri, S. (2003). â€Å"Helping Middle and High School Age English Language Learners Achieve Academic Success. † NABE Journal of Research and Practice. Retrieved May 1, 2008. Website: http://www. uc. edu/njrp/pdfs/freeman. pdf Ortiz, A. (2001). â€Å"English Language Learners With Special Needs: Effective Instructional Strategies. † Retrieved May 2, 2008, from CAL. Website:

The Challenges Faced In International Trade Theory Commerce Essay

The Challenges Faced In International Trade Theory Commerce Essay International trade theory explains the pattern of international trade and the distribution of the gains from trade. Strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry is called competitive advantage. Achieving competitive advantage strengthens and positions a business better within the business environment. In this report, Logitech as a case study of international trade and competitive advantage fully discussed in form of answering study questions. Background Logitech is a world leader in personal peripherals, driving innovation in PC navigation, Internet communications, digital music, home-entertainment control, gaming and wireless devices. Key product lines mice, trackballs, and keyboards webcams, speakers, headsets, and headphones interactive gaming devices network music systems video-security solutions advanced universal remote controls History 1981 established in Switzerland, opens Palo Alto office the following year 1982 introduces its first computer mouse, the P4 1984 secures first major OEM contract with HP 1985 introduces the C7, which sells for under $100 and does not require a separate power supply 1986 opens manufacturing center in Hsinchu, Taiwan, still a key center for worldwide operations and engineering 1987 reaches an OEM agreement to manufacture mice for Macintosh computers sold in Europe 1988 opens OEM sales, manufacturing and distribution hub in Cork, Ireland 1989 wins OEM contract for IBM; introduces the Series 9 mouse, the first mouse designed to fit the natural curve of the human hand 1991-92 introduces first cordless mouse, first digital still camera, and first mic/speaker combo 1994 opens first fully-owned manufacturing facility in Suzhou, China, which now employs 4,000 people 1995 introduces trackball technology; unveils first web camera and gaming joystick 1997 listed on Nasdaq; unveils first USB mouse 2000 introduces the first mouse with optical sensor to track movement 2001 acquires Labtec, expanding its audio business; unveils first cordless optical mouse 2003 surpasses $1 billion in annual revenue; ships its 500 millionth mouse 2005 opens new facility in Suzhou, China 2006 130 new products introduced; 143 million products shipped worldwide Logitech Today Global operations California marketing, finance, and logistics (some RD) Switzerland research and development (programming) Ireland design, mechanical engineering, sales support Netherlands European distribution Taiwan worldwide operations Suzhou, China manufacturing Performance more than 9000 employees distribution in more than 100 countries projected sales, $2.4 billion (11% OEM; 89% retail) Literature review International Trade Theory Brown (2005) defines comparative advantage means the comparison of relative price differences between nations to explain the pattern of trade. For example, compare the relative price of wheat in terms of cheese at home to the same relative price in the foreign economy in a hypothetical equilibrium with no trade (autarky) or with restricted trade. The country with the lower relative price of wheat is said to have a comparative advantage in wheat while the other country has, symmetrically, a comparative advantage in cheese. Buy low, sell high logic predicts that a country will export the good in which it has a comparative advantage. Theory of Comparative Advantage Free trade between international countries concept was structured and built by David Ricardo an economist. He stated that countries goes for trading with other countries would highly benefit from this trade as specialization as there in these countries. In free trade there are no any tariffs or taxes on incoming or outgoing goods and services. Typically, countries tax incoming goods in an attempt to keep domestic producers competitive. According this theory all trading partners even less efficient producers will benefit from specialization and free trade. Porters Diamond and Competitive Advantage Due to globalization, most of organizations strategies were changed towards being international wise. Even if an organization does not plan to import or to export directly, management has to look at an international business environment, in which actions of competitors, buyers, sellers, new entrants of providers of substitutes may influence the domestic market. Information technology is reinforcing this trend. Michael Porter introduced a model that allows analyzing why some nations are more competitive than others are, and why some industries within nations are more competitivethan others are, in his book The Figure.1: Porters Diamond model Competitive Advantage of Nations. This model of determining factors of national advantage has become known as Porters Diamond. It suggests that the national home base of an organization plays an important role in shaping the extent to which it is likely to achieve advantage on a global scale. This home base provides basic factors, which support or hinder organizations from building advantages in global competition. Porter distinguishes four determinants: Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Related and supporting industries Factor conditions Demand conditions Factor Conditions The situation in a country regarding production factors, like skilled labor, infrastructure, etc., which are relevant for competition in particular industries. These factors can be grouped into human resources (qualification level, cost of labor, commitment etc.), material resources (natural resources, vegetation, space etc.), knowledge resources, capital resources, and infrastructure. They also include factors like quality of research on universities, deregulation of labor markets, or liquidity of national stock markets. These national factors often provide initial advantages, which are subsequently built upon. Each country has its own particular set of factor conditions; hence, in each country will develop those industries for which the particular set of factor conditions is optimal. This explains the existence of so-called low cost-countries (low costs of labor), agricultural countries (large countries with fertile soil), or the start-up culture in the United States (well developed venture capital market). Porter points out that these factors are not necessarily nature-made or inherited. They may develop and change. Political initiatives, technological progress or socio-cultural changes, for instance, may shape national factor conditions. A good example is the discussion on the ethics of genetic engineering and cloning that will influence knowledge capital in this field in North America and Europe. Home Demand Conditions Describes the state of home demand for products and services produced in a country. Home demand conditions influence the shaping of particular factor conditions. They have impact on the pace and direction of innovation and product development. According to Porter, home demand is determined by three major characteristics: their mixture (the mix of customers needs and wants), their scope and growth rate, and the mechanisms that transmit domestic preferences to foreign markets. Porter states that a country can achieve national advantages in an industry or market segment, if home demand provides clearer and earlier signals of demand trends to domestic suppliers than to foreign competitors. Normally, home markets have a much higher influence on an organizations ability to recognize customers needs than foreign markets do. Related and Supporting Industries The existence or non-existence of internationally competitive supplying industries and supporting industries. One internationally successful industry may lead to advantages in other related or supporting industries. Competitive supplying industries will reinforce innovation and internationalization in industries at later stages in the value system. Besides suppliers, related industries are of importance. These are industries that can use and coordinate particular activities in the value chain together, or that are concerned with complementary products (e.g. hardware and software). A typical example is the shoe and leather industry in Italy. Italy is not only successful with shoes and leather, but with related products and services such as leather working machinery, design, etc. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry The conditions in a country that determine how companies are established are organized and are managed, and that determine the characteristics of domestic competition. Here, cultural aspects play an important role. In different nations, factors like management structures, working morale, or interactions between companies are shaped differently. This will provide advantages and disadvantages for particular industries. Typical corporate objectives in relation to patterns of commitment among workforce are of special importance. They are heavily influenced by structures of ownership and control. Family-business based industries that are dominated by owner-managers will behave differently than publicly quoted companies. Porter argues that domestic rivalry and the search for competitive advantage within a nation can help provide organizations with bases for achieving such advantage on a more global scale. Porters Diamond has been used in various ways. Organizations may use the model to identify the extent to which they can build on home-based advantages to create competitive advantage in relation to others on a global front. On national level, governments can (and should) consider the policies that they should follow to establish national advantages, which enable industries in their country to develop a strong competitive position globally. According to Porter, governments can foster such advantages by ensuring high expectations of product performance, safety or environmental standards, or encouraging vertical co-operation between suppliers and buyers on a domestic level etc. Questions Question 1 In a world without trade, what would happen to the costs that American consumers would have to pay for Logitechs products? Question 2 Explain how trade lowers the costs of making computer peripherals such as mice and keyboards. Question 3 Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain the way in which Logitech has configured its global operations. Why does the company manufacture in China and Taiwan, undertake basic RD in California and Switzerland, design products in Ireland, and coordinate marketing and operations from California? Question 4 Who creates more value for Logitech, the 650 people it employs in Fremont and Switzerland, or the 4,000 employees at its Chinese factory? What are the implications of this observation for the argument that free trade is beneficial? Question 5 Why do you think the company decided to shift its corporate headquarters from Switzerland to Fremont? Question 6 To what extent can Porters diamond help explain the choice of Taiwan as a major manufacturing site for Logitech? Question 7 Why do you think China is now a favored location for so much high technology manufacturing activity? How will Chinas increasing involvement in global trade help that country? How will it help the worlds developed economies? What potential problems are associated with moving work to China? Answers Answer 1: The costs American consumers would have to pay for Logitech products would increase significantly in a world without trade. Â   This is due to the face that production, assembly, resources, and sale of their products would all have to be conducted in the US. Â   Logitech would no longer be able to rely on China for cheap labor and assembly, or Taiwan for efficient and cheap manufacturing. Â   Therefore these increased expenses would require a rise in retail price for the consumer. Answer 2: Trade helps in reduction of product prices due the following: Components are procured from any part of the world where they can be produced or manufactured at the best cost. (Motorola plant in Malaysia makes the mouses chip; Agilent Technologies supplies optical sensor). The actual assembling/manufacturing is done at the place where is cab done most cost effectively. (Assembling is done in Taiwan and China) The product reach the customers the most efficient way are taking the services of the most efficient logistics company. (Marketing from Fremont) Answer 3 Comparative advantage, as proposed by Ricard, says that it is beneficial for nations to involve in trade even when there is absolute advantage for them to produce all the goods. So nations will invest a major portion of their resources to produce what they can produce with advantage. This theory is being applied to the case as follow: China: It is cost effective to manufacture in China. China has a large population of semi-literate people who lives in semi-urban areas. It is important for the Chinese government to provide avenues for its people to earn their livelihood. Mass manufacturing is a good way of employing many people. Since there is abundance of semi-literature human resources in China it can manufacture products which need semi-skilled labor most efficiently. Thus Logitech uses China to manufacture mice. Taiwan: Taiwan has invested in creating industrial parks. It is giving land in these parks at very nominal rates. It had developed a strong supply base for computer parts, it has well qualified people. Its local computer industry is also expanding. Taiwan has done all these with an objective of being a major player in the electronics components manufacturing. Logitech is taking advantage of the facilities developed. California: California is located strategically due the Silicon Valley. Having an office in California provides an opportunity for any company to interact with the other companies. It also gives insights into the emerging technologies. These advantages make Logitech choose California as a center for RD. Since California also houses many large corporation, it makes perfect business sense for Logitech to have their marketing operations here. Switzerland: It is known for precision industry. The right talent is available here for developing the software for mice. Hence, Logitech is developing primary software in Switzerland. Ireland: The design firm in Ireland is used by Logitech for ergonomics design. The Ergonomics Society of Ireland is very active in promoting the discovery and exchange of knowledge concerning the characteristics of human beings that are applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds. Answer 4 Logitech make $8 for every mouse being sold. Let us assume that $3 of this is spent on RD and software programming. The earning per employee writing the software are code is (3*100)/650 = 0.47 cent. The value added per employee in China is (3*100)/4000 = 0.075 cents. Hence, the value added by RD people is greater. Free trade is beneficial because, it is the free trade which is allowing Logitech to take advantage of the low cost manpower available in China. If free trade were not available, Logitech would be forced to manufacture its mice in US at much higher cost. Answer 5 It helps Logitech to stay close to its customers. It can respond to the demands of the customers more promptly. Fremont is also the place where a lot of technological innovations are happening. Logitech being in the high-tech industry, continuous innovation is a key success factor for its business. Fremont is also an important in terms of managerial talent. All these reasons make it convenient for Logitech to move to Fremont. Answer 6 Porters diamond considers four important attributes which will create an environment helps the domestic industry. The four attributes can be applied to Taiwan becoming a manufacturing hub for electronics goods as shown below: Pool of resources: Taiwan has well qualified people for manufacturing electronic goods. It has good infrastructure and transportation facility. Demand conditions: There is demand throughout the world for electronic products produced in Taiwan. All major global companies source their electronic components from Taiwan. Relating and supporting industries: Taiwan has a well-developed supply base for parts and rapidly expanding local computer industry. Firm Strategy, structure and rivalry: there is competition and rivalry among local companies which help in better efficiency. In addition, government role: The government has created Science-based industrial parks through which they encourage companies to invest in Taiwan. Land is given at very subsidize rates in these parks. Answer 7 All the factors, in Porters diamond are at play in China very efficiently. It has huge human resources, land, water and other natural resources. It has good infrastructure for transportation, ports, and communication. It has created special zones for promoting exports, thus ensuring a good demand for the goods they manufacture. The rivalry among the domestic firms is also very strong. Government supports export oriented firms through funds. The cost of labor is very low. Technical human skills are available. These factors make China a favored location for high-technology manufacturing. Chinas increase in global trade will ensure that investment flows into China for manufacturing. Its balance of payment position will become very strong. It can use the trade a lever for political mileage. As more investment happens it will help China to reap the advantages of economics of scale. It can provide better living conditions for its citizen. It will also generate funds for planned investment. The worlds developed economics will be able to take advantage of the low cost manufacturing available in China. The global companies can improve the efficiency of their supply chain be manufacturing in China. The following are the potential problems associated with moving to work in China: The political changes, when they happen, can lead to disruption of work. Decision making at the government level is opaque, which can cause problems if unfavorable decisions are taken. When there is trouble in the political relationship between the home country and China; the companies may lose an opportunity to develop an alternate to China as a manufacturing hub. Conclusion It is obviously clear to any one that Logitech has strongly satisfied Porters diamond attributes by ensuring resources (China and Taiwan), go with Demand (Taiwan), Firm Strategy, structure and rivalry (California, Swaziland and Fremont) and keep involve in what is up-to-date (Taiwan, Switzerland, California and Fremont). By achieving this, Logitech is considered one of aggressive competitors all over the world with high competitive advantage using innovation as a key tool.