Solid Geometry Essay Example

Solid Geometry Essay SOLID MENSURATION REVIEWER (2 Semester 2011-2012) PYRAMIDS 1. A vessel is in the form of an inverted regular square pyramid of base edge 13 cm and the altitude is 25 cm, how many liters are in it when the depth of the water is 15 cm? A(small Square) h(Water) A(Big Square) = h(container) 2 A(small Square) 15 2 = 252 13 2 2 (15 )(13 ) 2 A(small Square) = 25 2 A(small Square) = 60. 84cm 1 V = 3 Bh 1 V= 3 (60. 84)(15) 3 V=304. 2 cm ? 0. 304. 2 L 2. The lateral faces of a regular square pyramid are o isosceles triangles whose base angles are 55 each. If the ateral edge is 200 cm, find the lateral area and volume of the pyramid. 2 2 2 l – slant height h =(163. 83) – (114. 72) l o sin55 =200 h=116. 96 cm o l=200sin55 l=163. 83 cm e o cos55 =200 o 200cos55 =e e=114. 72 2e=229. 4 cm (163. 83)(229. 4) 2 2 S = 75,175. 2 cm S= 2 (229. 4 )(116. 96) 3 3 V= 2,051,181. 2cm V= 4. Find the volume and total surface area of a frustum of a regular hexagonal pyramid if the base edges are 8 cm and 6 cm, respectively and the altitude is 20 cm. hf V= 3 [B+B1+sqrt. (BB1)] hf 3 3 33 2 2 V= 3 ? 2 ? (6 ) + ? 2 ? (8 ) + ? ? ? ? ()() 33 2 33 2 2 (6 ) + V = 2563. 47 cm 2 (8 ) 3 r1 = 2 (6) = 5. 2 cm 3 r2 = 2 (8) = 6. 93 cm r2-r1 = x x=6. 93-5. 2 x=1. 73 2 2 l =20 + 1. 73 l= 20. 07cm *x- yung base ng right triangle 2 20. 07[(6)(6)+(6)(8)] 2 2 S=842. 94 cm S= CONES 2 1. The total area of right circular cone is 48? cm . If the altitude of the cone is equal to the diameter of the base, find the slant height and R. h=d h=2R 2 2 l= h +R 2 2 l = 4R +R l= 5 R 2 Atotal= ? Rl+? R 2 48? =? R( 5 R)+? R 2 2 48? = ? R 5 +? R 2 48? =R (? 5 +? ) 2 R =14. 83 cm R= 3. 85 cm 2. A tool is made up of a cone on top of a cylinder. We will write a custom essay sample on Solid Geometry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solid Geometry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solid Geometry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The 3. A pyramid having a altitude of 450 cm and a base with an area of 930 cm is cut 120 cm from the vertex by a plane that is parallel to the plane of the base. Find the area of the section. 2 A(small) h (small) = h2 A(big) (original height) 2 A(small) 120 =4502 930 2 (120 )(930) 2 A(small)= 4502 = 66. 13 cm cylinder has a height h of 15 cm and a radius of 5 cm. The 2 volume of the cone is 100 ? cm . O is the vertex of the cone, AB is the diameter of the base of the cone and C its Center. Points O, A, B and C are in the same plane. Find the lateral surface area. 12 V= 3 ? r h 12 100= 3 (5 )? h h= 12cm 2 2 S= ? r h +r +2? rh 2 2 S= 5? 12 +5 +2? (5)(12) S= 675. 4 cm 4. 3. A right circular cone of slant height 5cm has a radius of 15 cm. Find the angleof sector of a circle of radius 10cm, if the area of the sector is equal to the lateral area of the cone. S=? (15)(5) 2 S=235. 6 cm S=Asector x= 2 (235. 6 cm )(360)=100 o ?=269. 9 PRISMS 1. The lateral edge of a parallelepiped is 8cm and a plane is passed cutting this edge at a right angle to form a right section which is a square. If the lateral 2 area is 320cm , find the edge of the right section. S = ePr 320 = (8)Pr 40 = Pr 40 = 4e e = 10cm 2. A plane is passed through two opposite edges of a ube forming a diagonal section bounded by the two opposite edges and the diagonals of two opposite CYLINDERS 1. When a body is immersed in water in a right circular cylinder 40cm in diameter, the level of the water rises 20 cm. What is the volume of the body? 2 V1 = (? r ) x 2 V2 = (? r ) (x+20) VBody = V2 – V1 2 2. 2 49 2 = e (e 2 ) 2 3. 32 Abase = 4 e 3 2 Abase = 4 (12) Abase = 36 3 h Finding h: sin 30 = 12 h=6 2 VBody = ((? r )(x+20))- ((? r )x) faces. If the area of the section is 49 2 cm . Find the edge of the cube. 49 2 = e 2 2 e = 49 e=7 Find the volume of an oblique triangular prism hose base in an equilateral triangle the side of which is 12cm. The lateral edge of the prism is equal to the side of the base and inclined to the base plane o at angle of 30 . V = (Abase) (h) ?d1 ? 2+ ? d2 ? 2 ?2 ? ?2 ? x = 9. 01 S = ePr S = 13 (9. 01) (4) 2 S = 468. 52cm ? Asector=360 ? (R)2 ? Asector=360 (100) V = (36 3 ) (6) 3 V = 374. 1 2cm A right section of an oblique prism is a rhombus whose diagonals are 10cm and the lateral edge of the prism is 13cm. Find the lateral area. S = ePr 3. VBody = 400? (x+20) 400? x VBody = 400? x + 8000? 400? x 3 VBody = 8000? cm The diameter of the base of a circular cylinder is 8cm and the elements are inclined to the base at an angle o of 30 . If an element is 7cm long, find the volume and the lateral area of the cylinder. V =? , S =? , h =? h = 7sin30 = 3. 5 2 V = ? r h 2 =? (4 ) (3. 5) = 56? 3 = 175. 93cm S = 2? rh = 2? (4)(3. 5) = 28? 2 = 87. 96cm Find the lateral area and the total area of a cylindrical cell whose height equals its diameter if it has to hold 50kg of water. r =? , S =? , AT =? *1kg = 1L V = 50kg = 50L = 50 000cm h = d = 2r 2 V = ? r h 2 V = ? (r )2r 3 50 000 = 2? r 3 4. 50 000 2? 3 r = 7957. 75 = 19. 96cm S = 2? rh 3 r= S = 2? (19. 96) ((2)(19. 96)) 2 S = 5 006. 46cm AT = 2B + S 2 = 2 (? r ) + 5 006. 96 2 = 2 (? 19. 96 ) + 5 006. 96 2 = 7 510. 19cm SPHERES 1. A sphere of radius 8cm rests in a circular hole of radius 3cm. How far below the plane of the hole does the sphere extend? 2. h = 8 82-32 h = 8 – 7. 42 h = 0. 58cm A sphere of radius 6cm rests on 3 horizontal wires forming a plane triangle whose sides are 5cm, 12cm, and 13cm. Find the height of the top of the sphere above the plane of the wires. 2 2 h = 6 + 6 -r 1 2 rP = s(s-13)(s-5)(s-12) P = 13+5+12 = 30 P s = 2 = 15 1 rP = 15(15-13)(15-5)(15-12) 15r = 900 15r = 30 r=2 2 h = 6 + 6 -2 3. 2 h = 6 + 32 h = 11. 66cm A square is inscribed in a small circle of a sphere whose great circle has a radius of 9cm. If the plane of the square is 6cmfrom the center of the sphere, find the perimeter of the square. Psquare = 4e 2 d 2 2 9 =6 + ? 2 ? d = 13. 42 d=e 2 13. 42 = e 2 e = 9. 49 Psquare = 4(9. 49) = 37. 96cm An ornamental spherical ball made of bronze has an outer diameter of 1. 2m and a uniform thickness of 3 13cm. If bronze weighs 8. 5 mg/cm , find the weight of the ball. V = V1 – V2 4 34 3 V = 3 ? r1 3 ? r2 4 34 3 V = 3 ? 60 3 ? 47 3 3 V = 469 885. 91cm x 8. 5 mg/cm V = 3 994 030. 235 mg 5. 6. A hollow metal sphere 35cm in diameter is used as a float. If the metal sphere sinks to the depth of 12cm, what is the area of the wetted surface? Z = 2? rh Z = 2? (17. 5) (12) 2 Z = 1 319. 47cm On a sphere of a diameter 125cm, two circles of the spheres whose planes are parallel have radii 20cm and 50cm, respectively. Find the area of the zone included between these cirlces. Z = 2? rh h = h1 + h 2 2 2 2 2 h1 = 62. 5 -20 h1 = 59. 21 h2 = 62. 5 -50 h2 = 37. 5 h = 59. 21+37. 5 h = 96. 71 Z = 2? (62. 5) (96. 71) Z = 37 977. 93

Essay on StressEssay Writing Service

Essay on StressEssay Writing Service Essay on Stress Essay on StressUnder stress, the body produces the hormone adrenaline, the main function of which is to force the body to survive. Stress is a normal part of human life and it is necessary in certain amounts. If our life did not have stressful elements of competition, risk, willingness to work as hard as we can, life would be much more boring. Sometimes stress acts as a motivation that is needed in order to feel the fullness of emotions, even if it is about survival. If the amount of these challenges and complex problems becomes very large, then the person loses the ability to cope with these tasks.Anxiety is a state of mind and body, associated with worries, tension and nervousness. Every person meets such moments in life when he is under stress or anxiety. In fact, the state of anxiety helps a person cope with external threats, forcing the brain to work intensively and giving the body a state of readiness for action. When anxiety and fears begin to suppress the person and influence his daily life, he may experience so-called anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, fear of losing a job, specific fears, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and general anxiety, usually begin to appear after the age of 15-20 years (Dunkley,  2013). Anxiety disorders are regarded as chronic diseases that can progress without treatment. Currently, there are effective methods for their treatment.Causes of stressThere are external and internal causes of stress.External causes of stress and anxiety are moving to a new location, change of job, death of a loved one, divorce, everyday troubles associated with money problems, fulfillment of obligations by a certain date, disputes, family relationships, not enough sleep or bad quality of sleep.Internal causes of stress and anxiety are life values and beliefs, fidelity to the promise, self-esteem (Procko Shaham, 2011).  Ã‚  Symptoms of stressSymptoms may gradually increase or appear sudd enly, within a few minutes. Panic attacks are usually short, occur in the form of emotional explosions, accompanied by a feeling of horror and reactions of the organism such as heart palpitations and sweating. Generalized anxiety disorder usually develops gradually and is usually not a direct consequence of a particular irrational fear (phobia). Two major signs of stress and anxiety are uncontrollable anxiety and worry. Symptoms also include muscle tension, fatigue, irritability, restlessness, insomnia or sleep disorders, difficulty in concentrating. Stress and anxiety can lead to panic attacks, which are characterized by pain or discomfort in the chest, heart palpitations, shortness, shallow breathing, feeling short of breath, choking, chills or sudden onset of fever, shivering, nausea, abdominal pain, numbness, or tingling in the extremities (Weston,  2013).Bodys response to stressHuman behavior in situations of stress differs from affective behavior. Under stress, a person can usually control his emotions, analyze the situation, and make appropriate decisions.There are various kinds of stress depending on the stress factor, including physiological and psychological. Psychological stress, in turn, can be divided into informational and emotional. Informational stress may develop when a person is unable to cope with the problem, has no time to make the right decision at the required rate with a high degree of responsibility, ie, when there is an information overload. Emotional stress arises in situations of danger, resentment, etc.  Hans Selye identified 3 stages in the development of stress:The first stage is alarm reaction phase of mobilization of organism defense, which improves stability with respect to a specific traumatic impact. Thus, there is a redistribution of body reserves: the main objective is due to secondary tasks.The second phase brings the stabilization of the parameters derived from the equilibrium in the first phase, which are fixed at a new level. External behavior does not differ from the norm, as if everything is getting better, but there is an internal overrun of adaptive reserves.If the stressful situation persists, there comes the third stage exhaustion, which can lead to a significant deterioration of state of health, various diseases and, in some cases, death (Fagundes   Kiecolt-Glaser 2013).If the stressful situation depends on us, we need to focus on how to change it. If the situation does not depend on us, it is necessary to accept and change our perception, our attitude to this situation.One of the most common causes of stress is the contradiction between reality and perceptions of man.Stress response is equally easy to be caused by real events, and ones that exist only in our imagination. In psychology, this is called the law of the emotional reality of the imagination. As estimated by psychologists, about 70% of our worries are caused by the events that do not exist in reality, but only in the im agination (#BB,  2013). Besides, not only negative but also positive life events can lead to the development of stress. When something changes dramatically for the better, the body also reacts to this with a stress.Stressful conditions significantly affect the activities of man. People with different features of the nervous system respond differently to the same psychological stress. Some people experience increased activity, mobilization, improving performance. This is a so-called stress of a lion. Danger makes a person act boldly and courageously. On the other hand, stress can cause a disruption of activity, sharp decline in its effectiveness, passivity and total inhibition (stress of a bunny) (Dow,  2014).Human behavior in a stressful situation depends on many factors, but primarily on the psychological stability that incorporates with the ability to quickly assess the situation, instantaneous orientation skills in unexpected circumstances, strong-willed discipline and determ ination, experience of behavior in similar situations.  Ã‚  Treatment of stressStress tends to accumulate. From physics we know that nothing in nature can disappear into nowhere, matter and energy just move or turn into other forms. The same rule is applied to the psychology. Experiences can not disappear, they are either expressed outside, for example in talking with other people, or accumulate.It is known that there is no better medicine than a good sleep. Therefore, it is worth considering how you sleep. Here are some guidelines that will help make your sleep better.Regular exercise help normal sleep. It is desirable to exercise outside for a couple of hours before bedtime.Before going to bed, you can take a warm bath and listen to relaxing music. If possible, combine taking a bath with listening to music. Try to do this every day.In order the sleep to be deeper and healthier, the body needs the hormone melatonin. Rice, wheat, barley, sunflower seeds, and dried apricots contain B vitamins, which increases the content of hormone melatonin in the body. Refined products are lack of these vitamins, so try to eat organic foods, preferably with a high carbohydrate content.Your bedroom should not be stuffy, noisy and light: none of these is conducive to restful sleep.Calm breathing helps to cope with stress. Inhale should be deep, through the nose. Exhale slowly and through the mouth.It is also important to eat right when you are stressed. The food should be light and well absorbed. Eat slowly, in small portions. Relax a bit after the meal.There are popular ways of dealing with stress. Chamomile is considered to be a good remedy. Its decoction helps to cope with headache, insomnia, has a calming effect. Herb oregano oil and clary sage also have effective relaxing properties. Melissa is a great remedy from overwork. It is used to relieve tension, anxiety, it can help even with strong stress. Teas of lemon balm are good for insomnia and depression.ConclusionStress is a feeling that one experiences when considers that he cannot effectively cope with the situation. It is worth remembering that under the stress usual emotions are replaced by anxiety, which causes a disturbance in the physiological and psychological terms. This concept was introduced by Hans Selye to denote non-specific response of the organism to adverse effects. His research showed that various factors fatigue, fear, hurt, cold, pain, humiliation in the body cause the same type of complex reaction regardless of what kind of stimulus acts on it at the moment. Moreover, these stimuli do not need to exist in reality. A man reacts not only to the actual danger, but also to the threat or reminder of it. For example, stress often occurs not only in situations of divorce of the spouses, but also in suspense of divide of the marital relationship. It is worth remembering that there are some rules to help combat stress. Firstly, try to avoid situations, which lead to the accumulation o f stress. Secondly, it should be remembered that stress is accumulated especially well when we fully focus on it. Third, we must remember that there are many ways to relieve stress, such as exercise, massage, sleep, singing, bath salt and relaxing oils, bath, aromatherapy, relaxing music and others. Essay on StressEssay Writing Service Essay on Stress Essay on StressStress in psychology means emotional or mental tension caused by the reaction to the circumstances. Most commonly, people perceive demanding situations and situations with personally important outcomes as stressful. Human organism responds to stress by increased alertness, increased blood pressure; when someone is in stress, the digestive systems also slows down, pulse increases and the functions of immune system are suppressed.There are different methods of coping with stress. An individual can decrease stress using self-efficacy and motivation techniques. For example, using positive self-talk and introducing positive self-thoughts helps to improve self-awareness and self-efficacy and reduces the vulnerability to stress. Furthermore, it is possible to reduce stress by increasing motivation.During the process of monitoring stress it was determined that the major stressors (in the personal case) relate to the studies and are associated with the results of studying and t heir influence on future career outcomes. In the majority of stressful situations, stress was caused by the expectation of failure or by the perception of the exam or paper as too difficult to manage.In the considered case, it would be possible to increase motivation by focusing on the positive outcomes of the exams and on the positive consequences of writing good papers. The tendency to focus on negative thoughts can be reduced by reinforcing positive self-image, for example, picturing the mental image of success during exams or in future career.Furthermore, motivation can be used to focus on goals instead of paying attention to stressors. In the considered case, stress can be reduced by following a detailed plan and focusing on implementing the next sections of the plan when negative thoughts about possible failure emerge.In the context of coping with stress, it is important to pay attention to increasing self-efficacy. In particular, own emotional reactions, moods and responses h ave a direct impact on self-efficacy and help to avoid stress. It is recommended to increase self-efficacy by witnessing other (similar) people cope with similar situations and reach notable results, by using positive responses of other people to strengthen self-belief and to recall the moments of success to use the power of mastery experience in difficult situations. The methods of enhancing motivation and self-efficacy help to reduce the impact of stress in everyday setting.

Derivatives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Derivatives - Assignment Example With the help of forward contracts two parties can fix the exchange rate between them for the future transactions (Federal Reserve Bank, 2010). This simple kind of agreement can eliminate exchange rate risks significantly. As the exchange rate is already decided between the two parties, transaction will take place in that rate only. With the help of future contracts also foreign exchange risks can be hedged. This derivative is also somewhat similar with forward contract. But liquidity of this contract is high as it is generally being traded on organized markets (Federal Reserve Bank, 2013). With the help of this contract parties are to buy or to sell a specific currency at a future date, at a particular rate of exchange which is fixed and agreed upon by the two parties in present. Option is also a derivative through which foreign exchange risk can be hedged. With the help of this contract interests of the buyers and sellers are taken care of significantly (Kotze, 2011). According to this contract, buyers have the right but do not have any obligation to buy or sell a particular currency at a particular exchange rate. But sellers have obligations if the buyers exercise their rights. In this way with the help of options foreign currency risks can be hedged. Derivatives are generally used for hedging against foreign exchange currency risks. There are several examples where derivatives have caused significant losses for the company. MG was significantly impacted by the usage of the derivatives. Using derivatives were integral parts of the company’s marketing and hedging programs. In 1993 the organization incurred huge losses related with the derivatives (Nihalani, 2011). The losses were over US $ 1 billion. At that point of time it was the largest derivative loss by any company. The organization was on the verge of bankruptcy. The bank was forced to seek for a rescue package of $1.9 billion from a

Human Patterns and Quantities of Consumption Essay

Human Patterns and Quantities of Consumption - Essay Example The message of this paper is to analyze and portray the harmful and detrimental effects on how human patterns of development and quantities would result in the environmental crisis. The fact that many environmental disasters are due to the steps in which humanity strove to be better also meant that human needs and wants were prioritized than the conservation and preservation of many natural resources and life. Many different cultural backgrounds, especially those which maintained its past traditional understanding of nature, have maintained ideas and beliefs that stressed the respect and care towards nature and the environment. The format of this paper will be using the American Psychological Association (APA) form of citation. The paper will be divided into three different sections, each focusing on a specific main sub-topic for the research paper. After all the main sub-topics have been discussed, a conclusive synthesis will wrap up the discussion of the papers and provide personal solutions or applications based on the research made. This research dissertation explores the interconnecting effects of modern day consumerism and its impact towards the natural environment and the human spirit. As human growth continues, the needs of human beings increase as well. This increases consumption of resources to satisfy human needs and wants. However, the rise of the much environmental crisis has led to an increasing attention on how the human spirit can focus on the preservation and protection of the environment instead of its exploitation The research done by this organization focuses on the balance between environmentalism and economic progress. Current business and economic enterprises find difficulty in increasing profits while trying to be more environmentally friendly.  

Greenville Jenkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Greenville Jenkins - Essay Example In the Marshalls case, Grenville Jenkins is discriminated against as the member of the Sustainability team because he ought to rectify where he sees excessive spending by the company officials. This is supposed to help in the cost cutting measures of the company. Instead of listening and acting to his claims, the top management ignores him which makes him feel discriminated against. The board of the directors dismisses his allegations instead of seeing into his case by finding relevant measures to counter what he says. Jenkins is frustrated because the law on discrimination of employees does not apply in this case. If were operational, someone could have listened to his allegations and at least put some efforts in rectifying the excesses in the company. As a sustainability member in the company, Jenkins has the right authority to comment about such cases as those of extravagance (EEOC 2009, 1). Maureen Gibson Maureen Gibson, who is the sales representative, is acting against the conf ines of the company regulations. She has turned the working place to a Christian conversion center and does not heed to the instruction. She wears a crucifix on the uniform which against the rules of the company. Even if the law of discrimination suggests that no employ need to be discriminated against her beliefs, Maureen is abusing the opportunity she has been given to the company. When she is warned not t use the company as a preaching ground, she threatens to take legal action, which is an, overreaction. She is supposed to be answerable because of breaking the policies set to enhance equality in the company because she is a distraction to the employees in the company by preaching to them at the wrong place and time (EEOC 2009, 1). The company policy that denies wearing of jewelry on the uniform will counter the case she wants to file for the company. She is defiant and misuses the freedom in the company. She has been performing non business activities in the company premise by m aking the employees uncomfortable. This is against the rules of the company which she chose not to respect. When Maureen is approached by the line manager, she says that she is being denied her rights but, in actual sense she is working out her rights in the wrong place. She is supposed to hearken unto the rules stipulated by the company before taking a step to sue the company. No one is against her work but, the line manager is against her evangelism which affects the comfort of the other workers. The law should also be used to address the case in which the line manager was told about the Maureen’s behavior but ignored. The law should be used to sensitize the company managers and board of directors about the consequence of discrimination (EEOC 2009, 1). Gary Gary who is the primary career of his disabled son needs to be allowed to have flexible working arrangement because he needs to attend to his son needs. Denying Gary that opportunity is as well as discriminating against physical disability. This should be termed as open discrimination be cause the company is in a position to organize a flexible arrangement for Gary to be of use to his disabled son. The company representatives are answerable to the law on discrimination in the company where there is a need to respond to the requests of the company. The company top management who are in the jurisdiction of planning favorable moments for Gary to work

Issues Involved in Strategic Planning

Issues Involved in Strategic Planning They are stated in precise terms as quantitatively as possible. The emphasis on goals is on measurement of progress toward the attainment of objectives. Goals have the following structures they: 1. Are resulting from objects, 2. Offer a normal for measuring presentation, 3. Are articulated in concrete terms, 4. Are time-bound and work-oriented. Advantages and Disadvantages: It helps organizations do to satisfy a particular need of the society or to fulfill a particular deficiency in the society. There is always a deadline which sometimes is never meant by organizations. Review the issues involved in strategic planning: Businesses that succeed do so by creating and keeping customers. They do this by providing better value for the customer than the competition. Marketing management constantly has to assess which customers they are trying to reach and how they can design products and services that provide better value (competitive advantage). The main problem with this process is that the environment in which businesses operate is constantly changing. So a business must adapt to reflect changes in the environment and make decisions about how to change the marketing mix in order to succeed. This process of adapting and decision-making is known as marketing planning. Where does marketing planning fit in with the overall strategic planning of a business? Strategic planning is concerned about the overall direction of the business. It is concerned with marketing, of course. But it also involves decision-making about production and operations, finance, human resource management and other business issues. The objective of a strategic plan is to set the direction of a business and create its shape so that the products and services it provides meet the overall business objectives. Marketing has a key role to play in strategic planning, because it is the job of marketing management to understand and manage the links between the business and the environment. Sometimes this is quite a straightforward task. For example, in many small businesses there is only one geographical market and a limited number of products (perhaps only one product!). However, consider the challenge faced by marketing management in a multinational business, with hundreds of business units located around the globe, producing a wide range of products. How can such management keep control of marketing decision-making in such a complex situation? This calls for well-organized marketing planning. What are the key issues that should be addressed in strategic and marketing planning? The following questions lie at the heart of any marketing and strategic planning process: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Where are we now? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How did we get there? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Where are we heading? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Where would we like to be? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How do we get there? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Are we on course? Why is marketing planning essential? Businesses operate in hostile and increasingly complex environment. The ability of a business to achieve profitable sales is impacted by dozens of environmental factors, many of which are interconnected. It makes sense to try to bring some order to this chaos by understanding the commercial environment and bringing some strategic sense to the process of marketing products and services. A marketing plan is useful to many people in a business. It can help to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identify sources of competitive advantage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gain commitment to a strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Get resources needed to invest in and build the business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inform stakeholders in the business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set objectives and strategies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Measure performance Advantages and Disadvantages: Market planning delivers a means for actively involving personnel from all areas of the business in the management of the company and this participation improves the quality of the plans, with the participation of the staffs it enhances their overall understanding of the companys objectives and goal. One of the disadvantages is costly to implement. Explain different planning techniques: Planning is a critical business responsibility that is often overlooked, particularly by smaller companies with limited time and personnel resources. However, the reason for this oversight is often the result of managements lack of planning techniques. Learning useful planning methods and factors eliminates this knowledge gap. Business planning is just as critical as having a map when traveling to an unfamiliar location. Without it you may never reach your destination. Primary Planning Types Business planning types come in various flavors depending on the company size and industry. However, there are three basic plans that apply to all businesses, large or small. Business, strategic and marketing plans are important to every for-profit and nonprofit organization. Understanding the goals and components of each offers businesses the tools to create effective plans using the most basic or sophisticated techniques. Business Plans Typically used for starting up or financing a company, business plans are the cornerstone of the planning function. Components of a business plan include an executive summary, market analysis, product/service descriptions and financial/operations projections for a minimum of three to five years. In start-up situations that need initial financing, creators should paint a vivid, yet conservative, picture of the founders and the rationale for believing the business will succeed. When seeking growth-financing, management should highlight past company performance and carefully project the impact of the new funding on improving net income. Always include debt service, which is the amount needed to repay the new loan, in income and expense projections. Strategic Plan Strategic plans should be created by business owners and/or senior management only. Unlike business plans, which are based on historical data and future projections, strategic plans are more conceptual. These plans should include defining your organizational goals, identifying your available options to achieve your objectives and considering new short-term opportunities you believe will exist to improve your businesss results. You may want to incorporate specific industry trends into your planned strategy. Strategic plans are not long-term creations, but should address taking advantage of available opportunities in the next 12 to 24 months. Marketing Plans All the fabulous business and strategic plans ever devised will fail if you dont market and sell your product or service. A solid marketing plan will help you achieve gross income and sales goals. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is an effective technique for creating a winning marketing plan. SWOT is also useful in strategic plan creation as a foundation technique. You can also combine a SWOT analysis with the four Ps product, price, publicity, and place of effective marketing. Even if you have invented the better mousetrap, you need a superior marketing plan to get results. These techniques will give you the ammunition you need. SWOT analysis and marketing A vital part of the planning process is looking at the existing position of an industry and trying to decide how factors external to the business may affect the business. An organization can perform a SWOT analysis as a way of deciding which marketing plan to use. The organization performs an audit on the internal and external nature of the company looking at the current and future situation. An audit is a review of all the company s activities. Strengths Reviews the business current strengths such as a good brand or strong sales performance Can develop the strengths, perhaps in the way they promote the product, or wish to develop new products (Tesco have used their strong brand name to launch several products) Weaknesses Reviews the business current weaknesses such poor response times to requests for information or late deliveries Can implement strategies to eradicate these weaknesses e.g. more resources put into a better warehousing system for the dispatch of goods. External Opportunities Reviews the business future opportunities e.g. new technology making it easier to manufacturer certain goods or new markets abroad Can use strategies to take advantage of the potential opportunities e.g. developing new products to meet the potential increased demand Threats Reviews the business future threats, mostly from increased competition from other firms or from changes in the economic situation. Can employ strategies to ward off these problems, e.g. setting lower prices or increasing promotion Rational about the use of a SWOT analysis in measuring the influence of marketing to a business strategy; Possible strengths in marketing might be: Specialist marketing expertise An innovative product or service The location of the business convenient for customers The reputation of the brand perhaps it is trusted or recognized as the highest quality Likely weaknesses in marketing could include: Lack of a clear product differentiation compared with competing products Weak distribution compared with competitors Inadequate online presence Potential marketing opportunities could include: The use of technology to develop new products Growing demand from overseas markets (e.g. China India) The use of social media like Facebook and Twitter to reach new customers A list of likely marketing threats might include: Competitors introducing better products at lower prices Changes in the economic environment which encourage customers to be less loyal to established brands Changes in customer tastes and fashions Universal Techniques To make business planning come alive and succeed there are three simple practices that must be always be employed. First, set realistic, measurable goals. Second, understand and communicate with your customer base. Third, attract and retain the best employees your company can afford. Without these three components, your business planning, however sophisticated, risks failure on a massive scale. Using these three simple techniques, your business plans should deliver the results you want. SPACE, PIMS. PIMS data can be described as a guide to help management describe the business a business situation and opportunity relative to the offerings of its competitors in two-dimensional space. TASK 2 BE ABLE TO FORMULATE A NEW STRATEGY Produce an organizational audit for a given organization Tesco Marketing Audit: The marketing audit is a fundamental part of the marketing planning process. It is conducted not only at the beginning of the process but also during and after the process completion. Marketing audit not only consider its own plan but also considers internal and external factor that affects marketing planning. Some important tools used by marketing audit are SWOT for internal and external environment where as PESTLE and Five Forces Analysis which focus only on the external environment. It can be viewed as an umbrella that covers efforts to assess customer needs and wants and to understand community patterns. The external environment is reviewed at micro and macro level. Definition: The marketing Audit has been defined by Phillip Kotler strategic market auditing (1977) as a comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic examination activities and resources in order to determine problem areas and opportunities and to recommend a plan of action. As per the definition: Marketing Audit is Comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic features. In simple word marketing audit is the complete review of the environment that includes both internal and external environments of any organization. The marketing audit follows the following areas as components of marketing audit:  · Environmental Audit which includes Macro Environmental Audit and Micro Environmental Audit.  · Marketing Strategy Audit  · Marketing Organization Audit  · Marketing System Audit  · Marketing Productivity Audit  · Marketing Function Audit Processes and techniques used for auditing the marketing auditing environment follows simple three steps are: a) Agreement on objectives, scope and approach: Marketing auditor must prepare for the marketing audit by holding discussion with the CEO and the executive staff and briefly reviewing some financial and marketing data. Often objectives are discussed in the meeting such as determine how the market views the company and its competitors, recommending a pricing policy, determining sale activity. The audit would cover the marketing operations of the company as a whole. b) Data collection: More time is spent on the gathering data. More auditors are involved when the project is large. Auditor has to spent time in deciding what question to be asked, who will be interviewed and so on so forth. Daily reports of the interviews are to be written up and reviewed. c) Report preparation and presentation: When the data gathering is over, auditor prepares notes for a visual and verbal presentation to the company officer. Techniques used for auditing the marketing environments are as follows. 1) SWOT Analysis: It is one of the most important tools of marketing audit. It helps a lot of help to the marketers and is used at the beginning of the marketing audit process. It has advantages as well as drawbacks. Some of the drawbacks are subjective and cannot be relied too much. Therefore it should be used as a guide in the marketing planning and not as a prescription to the process. 2) PESTLE Analysis: Various factors of the marketing is analyzed by PEST analysis that effects upon the marketing process. An organization that is carrying the analysis needs to study the environmental factors that are internal and external. 3) Five Force Analyses: This is an analysis that helps the marketers to have a clear picture of competitors for the market. This analysis has some similarities with PEST analysis. In this analysis the marketer goes through five areas of concerns. Analyze and evaluate the external environment of the organization by using PEST framework, Porters Five Forces model and Product life cycle. Companys profile: Tesco runs more than 2300 supermarkets and convenience stores in the UK, Ireland, Central Europe and Asia. It is operating in almost areas such as gasoline retail (Tesco Express) small urban stores (Tesco Metro) hypermarkets (Tesco Extra) and Financial service (Tesco Personal Finance). It covers up to 35% stake in US grocery. It is the leading online grocery store and is now expanding its business with a TV channel and a retail based education institution. A) A PEST Analysis of the industry was then undertaken to examine the local, national and global influence of political, economic, social and technological factors to understand opportunities and threats well. An assumption was made that most of these ( political, economic, social, legal and environmental ) factors would, to some extent apply to the retail industry in Sweden: Political: Following the European Integration and Free Trade Agreements, the market has opened British Companies to invest in Eastern European. It has 60 stores in Hungary. Lidl is fighting hard to maintain its market share with an aggressive pricing strategy against Tesco. Economic: Retail industry is fairly recession proof and also very sensitive to interest rate. Because of September 11 events, the world economy have suffered heavily, stocks were plummeting and prices are low all time. However the world economy is up after the September 11th attack. Consumers are optimistic and retail industry is once again boosting. Social: There are changes in consumer taste and lifestyle present both opportunities and threats for the retail industry. There are alternative Sweden national retailers which poses additional threats to the Tesco while entering in the Sweden market industry. Technical: Introduction of online shopping via internet is now a common place in retailing. IT system undertakes a paperless operation, the management and administration of the company which are monitored by the secured severs, it provides a flexible base for running the business. Sweden is at the forefront of technologically developed with national companies like Ericsson, hence Tesco gets an advantage of developed logistics and distribution channels already in place. One other tool that will be used in these areas is Porter Five Forces. This model can be used to good analytic effect alongside other models such as the SWOT and PEST analysis tools. Five Forces analyses five important in the determination of competitive power and these are:  · Buyers power:  · Suppliers power:  · Rivalry among competitors:  · Threat of new entrants:  · Threat of substitute product Problems faced by Tesco can be explained by Porters five forces including of the threat of substitutes from other supermarkets, buyer power, supplier power and the power of customer. Buyer power also decides the prices in the market. If products are expensive in Tesco then they will purchase from Sainsbury. This mean market is disciplined which make the pricing is disciplined as well. This in turn stops them to destroy the market in a profit war. Supplier power is an important part of this model. Supplier power is wielded by suppliers demanding that retailers should pay them certain price for their goods supplied. There is always a threat of substitution, although Tesco tries to ensure brand image and quality by having the best value for the products. Tesco acknowledges the fact that there have always been threats from the competitors and new entrants into the markets and therefore always plan to improve upon developments in its stores. Carry out an environmental audit for a given organization: PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Environment) Among the above PESTLE analysis Political, Economic, social and Technological factors are implemented as a technique for the auditing of the marketing environment. Political/ legal:- An environment of marketing at any nation is affected due to the political reasons. There should be the management of change once there is a change in the political condition and situation. The system of nation keeps on changing if there is a lack of stability in politics and the organization should change the marketing strategies as per the changing environment so that the organization can exist in the changing environment. Economic:- Economics plays a vital role in the marketing environment audit. A country with weak economy cannot compete in the international market. To be successful in the marketing there should be a sound financial transaction of an organization. Some of the components of economic factors for environmental audit are: Interest rates, Business cycles, Investment policies. There should be good investment policies for the investment by the nation so that the interest of the investor in investment increases which helps to raise financial stability in the nation. Social and cultural:- Social and cultural refer to the tradition and costumes or belief of people living in a particular geographical region. Social value and norms sometimes becomes the barrier to the marketing environment. There is vast different in the culture and tradition of eastern and western societies as a result of it the culture of eastern may not be suitable for western and vice versa. The marketing depends upon the culture and tradition of any geographical area. S Technological:- In this competitive age technological changes plays a vital role in the marketing. All the developed countries have been successful due to the drastic changes in the technology and their capacity to cope with changing technology. Different technologies can be used for the auditing of the marketing environment. SWOT analysis:- SWOT analysis includes strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threats for an organization. Strength and opportunities are the positive aspect of an organization whereas weaknesses and threats are negative. Similarly strengths and weaknesses are internal environment whereas opportunity and threats are external. Low cost of production and sales, good information about the market and sound finance of the organization are the strengths and lack of communication and low quality of goods are the weaknesses. Similarly lack of competition and expansion of the market is the opportunities whereas control from pressure groups, lack of political and system stability are the threats for any organization. PORTERS five forces model:- It consists of five main points that are listed below: Bargaining power of the customers: It is found in the open or the competitive market where the customer has the advantage over the suppliers or the sellers. A consumer has the choice of quality and the rate and if the supplier fails to fulfil the satisfaction of the consumer there is the chance of the customer to walk away from the suppliers. In this case the buyer has every right to complain and the seller need to hear it and recover so that the buyer did not leave the consumption of the commodity.. Bargaining power of the supplier: We normally find it in the monopoly market where there is the presence of only one market. Here the supplier has the advantages over the customers. A seller can fix the price of his own and sell low quality products as a result of it buyer couldnt get enough facilities. As only one marker is available the customers are forced to buy goods from the same shop and have no choice. For an illustration, if one city has only one market the people living there have to purchase the commodities from the same market no matter what the price and quality is because they dont have a second option. In this case the supplier has their own choice of marking prices. Such type of business brings profit motive rather than service motive. Threat of new entrants: When there is the presence of new product or the new supplier the old products and the old supplier gets affected. A customer of particular supermarket gets diverted to next one, if the new supplier gives him new schemes ad facilities. Threat from the substitute product: It provides the facilities to the consumers as the consumers have enough choices for the commodities to use. The customers wont feel bored of using same product again and again. Rivalry among the competitors: Rivalry begins where there is the presence of competitive market or when two similar types of goods are present in the market. It gives advantages to the customers. When there is rivalry among competitors consumers receives the benefits. Apply organizational and environmental auditing techniques in a given situation. As for the project work I have chosen Tesco which deals with retail sales of food and household products. They use PESTEL analysis for the purpose of marketing environment audit. Political:- Under political it uses the monopoly system, taxation policies, rules of employing the staffs and government stability as a method of evaluating political environment. Economic:- Under the economic sector the interest rates, inflation and business cycles are evaluated for the purpose of environmental marketing audit. Social cultural:- There are different cultures of the particular area. The marketing of Tesco has been influenced due to the social cultural factors as well. The different elements under socio cultural which can affect the marketing audit of the organization are demography, distribution of income of the people and their lifestyle. Technology:- Technology plays a vital role during upgrade any organization. In this competitive age no organization can ever think of improvement in the absence of technology. The factors influencing technology in an organization can be the development of new technologies, rate of technology transfer and investment on the research of technology. Positioning of Ansoff matrix: For any decision to be taken at the business level, you need the right strategic tools. Ansoff matrix is one of them. Ansoff matrix helps a company decide their market growth as well as product growth strategies. The 2 questions which the Ansoff Matrix can answer is How can we grow in the existing markets and What amends can be made in the product portfolio to have better growth. From the above two questions, it is clear that the Ansoff matrix deals with the business external market scenario as well as the product portfolio which the company has. The matrix is divided into two quadrants. The product quadrant and the market quadrant. The Product quadrant on the X axis is further divided into Existing products and New products. The market scenario on the Y axis is divided into existing markets and new markets. Thus the Ansoff matrix divides a firm on the basis of the products it has existing products or new products, as well as the markets it is in existing markets or new markets. Explain the significance of stakeholder analysis: What is Stakeholder Analysis? Stakeholder Analysis (SA) is a methodology used to facilitate institutional and policy reform processes by accounting for and often incorporating the needs of those who have a stake or an interest in the reforms under consideration. With information on stakeholders, their interests, and their capacity to oppose reform, reform advocates can choose how to best accommodate them, thus assuring policies adopted are politically realistic and sustainable. Although Stakeholder Analysis originated from the business sciences, it has evolved into a field that now incorporates economics, political science, game and decision theory, and environmental sciences. Current models of SA apply a variety of tools on both qualitative and quantitative data to understand stakeholders, their positions, influence with other groups, and their interest in a particular reform. In addition, it provides an idea of the impact of reform on political and social forces, illuminates the divergent viewpoints towards proposed reforms and the potential power struggles among groups and individuals, and helps identify potential strategies for negotiating with opposing stakeholders. Who Are Stakeholders A stakeholder is any entity with a declared or conceivable interest or stake in a policy concern. The range of stakeholders relevant to consider for analysis varies according to the complexity of the reform area targeted and the type of reform proposed and, where the stakeholders are not organized, the incentive to include them. Stakeholders can be of any form, size and capacity. They can be individuals, organizations, or unorganized groups. In most cases, stakeholders fall into one or more of the following categories: international actors (e.g. donors), national or political actors (e.g. legislators, governors), public sector agencies (e.g. MDAs), interest groups (e.g. unions, medical associations), commercial/private for-profit, non-profit organizations (NGOs, foundations), civil society members, and users/consumers. To achieve Stakeholders objective an organization should be able to separate their interest from each other and as such act according to the power they exert in the organization. Employees of MS Have a welfare department established in 1930. Financial interest safeguarded bonuses Job performance appraises and financial incentive Benefit package interest free loans granted, Buy as you earn shares, bonus or right issue Suppliers: Always used UK based suppliers, ensuring consistent quality Relationship to build reliance on suppliers Lifelong relationship. Mutual dependability respects the specification and standard. Social commitment: Strong tradition of CSR Sponsorship of Charities. Community development efforts Government social projects. Environment friendly: Removed artificial color and flavoring from its entire food and soft drinks range-April 2008 Launched school wears made from recycled plastic bottle Despite tough economic conditions Mark and Spencer stick to Plan A, as it gives them brand and differentiation. AL Gore said a sustainable business can be profitable one Business Continuity Reviewed the tools and processes established to ensure we have the capability to protect our people, the brand, property and profit at all times; Received plans for all locations both nationally and internationally; Discussed plans for the Olympics and the Queens Diamond Jubilee; Full medical and security package introduced for all business travelers; Travel tracker system introduced both nationally and internationally; A group training awareness program launched; and Evacuation pack and welfare response. Plan A The External International Advisory Board established, comprising academics and advisors, extending our reach to reflect the countries we operate in and source from; Discussed progress in reducing carbon emissions, improvements in fuel and energy efficiency, reduction in waste and packaging, improvements in recycling and the MS/Oxfam clothes exchange; An update on work with suppliers to set up 12 Ethical Model factories in Bangladesh and three in India; Review of commitments against plan; Overview of discussions with UNICEF outside the UK on social development programs linked to the garment industry; and Overview of what we believe will be benchmarked as industry leading positions across a number of key areas. General Merchandise ethical sourcing Reviewed how we manage the ethical risks across our supply chain outlining our ethical trading approach across 1.7 million workers, spread over 1,448 sites in over 77 countries with 55 different languages; Considered the key ethical issues including: excessive working hours, poor health and safety, terms and conditions of employment, migrant labour, and low

Arizona Needs to MIne Black Mesa :: Counter Argument

To the northeastern part of Arizona lay a debacle between the Native American citizens and a coal mining company known as Peabody Coal. In the seemingly unending conflict between the two groups, the problem began in 1968 when the Hopi and Navajo tribes both signed leases to Peabody Coal for mining. The contract included paying both tribes more than $1000 per acre-foot of natural aquifer water each year (Peabody Energy Online par 4). As time drew on, many indigenous people were alarmed that the water was carelessly being depleted from their land. Mining on Black Mesa should still be kept in progress because Peabody Coal helps support the fight against high-cost electricity, recent findings have stipulated that mining on Black Mesa is not as potentially harmful as many would like to think it is, and it offers jobs to the local economy. If a group of people give certain privileges to another, and the affects of it prove to help the economic society surrounded by it, there r eally is not a problem. Black Mesa, a natural resource for water is still being occupied by Peabody Coal, the world’s largest coal company. Located on the Navajo and Hopi Reservations of Northern Arizona, the mining company pumps water out of the Navajo Aquifer (N-Aquifer) which is mixed with grated coal known as slurry. The slurry is then pumped through a pipeline to Nevada’s Mohave Generating Station where it is converted into low-cost electricity (Peabody Energy Online par 3). Peabody has two mines on Black Mesa which includes the Peabody Coal Mine as well as the Kayenta Mine, both help to produce enough coal that supports 1.5 million people in the Southwest including Arizona, Nevada, and California (Peabody Energy Online par 8). The low-cost electricity is quite affordable for the people who live in the area. Peabody Coal has many coal mines around the world which help fight to keep the cost of energy down. Peabody Coal had stated that they do respect the values and beliefs of the native people that occupy the reservations. In that sense, the coal company consoled the U.S. Department of the Interior’s Office of Surface Mining for concerned questions about the usage of the groundwater. According to the OMS 2004 annual report, the N-Aquifer is in a stable condition, the quality is still excellent, and streams that were presumed to be in an unstable condition due to the mining, is not the cause:

Planned Change at the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority Essay

Planned Change at the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority In 2001 (SDCRAA) was created to be implemented in 2003 by the senior director of the aviation division in the port of San Diego, Thella Bowens. She was held responsible for the transition of operations from the airport authority to SDCRAA. Because Bowens had a good experience in the organization, this made her important in providing support to the operation in develops the transition plan as well as dealing with legal and regulatory issues. The group led by Thella Bowens understood the importance of SDCRAA quickly becoming a separate organization and suggested studying the existing strategic plan to gather the needed resources for this project. Bowens chartered the Airtport Transition Team to ensure the smooth and seamless transfer of operations and public services provided by the airport. In May 2002, seven employees were selected from the Aviation Division to improve members of the Airport Transition Team .The method was to get people with the ability to work within a process yet think outside of the box, to communicate well with others in a team, and influence directors without having formal authority. The plan phase also determined the when, where, and how of the plan. A â€Å"war room† was established for the team to and serves as a communication hub. The team named themselves the â€Å"Metamorphs† and many of its members came from different parts of the organization. SDCRAA had only one worker in 2002 which is Thella Browens she was dealing with regulatory issues at that time such as property transfer and the transitioning of workers. She also helped in passing the legislation which insured the employees their jobs. Furthermore, Browens renegotiated the union contract together with working beside an external counsel and state senators. The implementation process required a decision on the best way to bring about the change. The strategic plan evolved during the transition, had two important elements: human resources and communication plans. The human resources plan specified the transition of 145 budgeted Aviation Division employees to 52 vacancies plus the 90 othe r positions. The airport transition plan contained a special emphasis on the needs of the employee. Bowens included a number of change management education sessions for all employees.

Two Major International Human Rights Issues essays

Two Major International Human Rights Issues essays The two major international human rights issues discussed in this paper are: John Lennon once wrote a song, which said, Women are the niggers of the world... The words, unfortunately, are an accurate description of the plight of women since times immemorial. The biological differences between the male and female human species have obviously been the root cause behind the traditional discrimination against women in most societies. The child-bearing ability and physically weaker bodies of the females have resulted in relegating them to a restricted role as mothers and wives. On the other hand, the male who did not have to suffer from the disadvantage of bearing children and possessed greater physical strength, assumed the role of the provider outside the home, and began to dominate the women. The widespread belief that women were intellectually inferior to men also contributed to their lowly status in the society, which was even accepted by the women themselves until as late as the 19th century when the first stirrings of the womens rights movement were felt in the Western world. Since then, women in Western societies have managed to win several key rights such as the right to vote, their individual legal status, the right to own property in their name, and economic as well as reproductive independence.1 Millions of women in the underdeveloped and the developing world, however, are still denied their basic human rights only because of the reason that they are women. Even in the Western world, gender equality has not been fully achieved with issues such as sexual harassment in the workplace, unequal pay, and invisible glass ceilings often confronting the working women. In some countries such as India, the gender bias against women is so pronounced that it is not unusual for middle class women to opt for abortion if the sex of the unborn baby has been determined as female...

The aim of this assignment is to find out how information processing helps the learning of motor control in dance Essays

The aim of this assignment is to find out how information processing helps the learning of motor control in dance Essays The aim of this assignment is to find out how information processing helps the learning of motor control in dance Paper The aim of this assignment is to find out how information processing helps the learning of motor control in dance Paper Motor control: Understanding the execution of those processes that lead to skilled human movement as well as factors leading to the breakdown of such skills. Motor Learning: Understanding how processes that sub serve movement are developed and factors that facilitate or inhibit this development. Modification in motor behaviour or improvement in proficiency of a motor skill due to experience or practice conditions. (http://plato.acadiau.ca/courses/kine/bmcleod/kine2013/ppoint/a/). This project has the following objectives:- * Find out about the different information processing models and apply them to dance. * Find out how these models can be used to improve the learning of motor control. * Find out about psychological and physiological factors that affect the way you react to a stimulus in dance. * How schemas help in the learning of motor control in dance. The project will be researched in different ways, the Internet, books from Scunthorpe library and the College library and course notes will be used (psychology and physical education). Letters will be written to governing bodies and journals from university libraries will be used. I chose to do my project on this because I am studying AS psychology and physical education and I am very interested in the psychological processes applied to sport, and in particular to the learning of motor skills to improve upon performance. I am particularly interested in information processing and schemas, I have been studying them and would like to find more about then. I am a dancer, I have been dancing since I was 4 years old, I am hoping to use this research to improve upon my dancing. Atkinson and Shiffrins model of information processing shows that the incoming information or the stimulus goes directly in to the sensory memory, it is then passed to the short term memory, unimportant information is forgotten and important information is passed on to the short term memory. For example a new dance move such as a jazz line is put in to the sensory memory, it is then passed on to the short-term memory. This results in a response; if the information is rehearsed or repeated in the short-term memory it is passed on to the long-term memory. If the information in the short-term memory is not rehearsed is forgotten. The jazz line is repeated many times in the short-term memory it will then be stored in the long-term memory, where it will be remembered how it is performed for next time. (Sport and PE) Whitings model of information processing shows that when information is put in it is passed through to the perceptual mechanisms, then passed to the translatory mechanisms where the information is processed before being passed to the effector mechanisms where the output is given. Feedback data is then given to improve upon the input. E.g. doing a high kick, the receptor system senses this input and it is passed to the perceptual mechanism where the individuals own perception is put upon it. It is passed to the translatory mechanism where the information is processed about the movement, it is then passed on to the effector mechanism which is where, what is going to be done is established and the muscular system is the output. Feedback is given. (Advanced PE for Edexcel) Welfords model of information processing shows that information is input by the senses and passed on to the short-term memory store. From the short-term memory it passes to the perception stage, from there it either goes to the short-term memory before a decision is made or it goes directly to the decision process. Here it either consults the long-term memory before going back to the decision process, then the motor output or it goes directly to motor output. The motor output is stored in the long-term memory as well as being the new sensory input. E.g. learning how to do a pirouette in dance. The dancer will attempt this for the first time, this infomation will be passed to the short-term sensory store, this is followed by the dancers personal perception. The information will be passed to the short -term before being passed to the decision process. Before the motor output is performed it will consult the long-term memory to see if there has been any similar situations in the past, i f there has not, it goes to the motor output. The motor output will cause the body to receive intrinsic feedback. This will be stored in the long-term memory. Next time a pirouette is attempted it will go through the same stages except when it gets to the long-term memory, the information from the feedback will be stored improve it. If the pirouette is repeated it will improve each time. In conclusion, after looking at different information processing models, they look very different but basically say the same thing. How well the performer will react to the stimuli is affected by the stage of learning the performer is at, this is because information is processed differently at each stage: There are three stages to learning a new skill; Cognitive phase -Identification and development of the component parts of the skill. Associative phase Linking the component parts into a smooth action. Autonomous phase Developing the learned skill so that it becomes automatic (brianmac.demon.co.uk/). In the cognitive stage a learner would be very inexperienced at motor control. This means the learner would go through the stages slowly because the motor programmes have not been practiced enough. When the motor control is being performed for the first time the long-term memory doesnt have any previous experiences to follow. When the motor control has been performed a few times it will be remembered but the process is still slow. E.g. a beginner learning their first dance. The moves will be slow and the performer will not be able to make the moves flow into each other. In the associative stage a learner has some experience in motor control. They are able to do the motor control at average standard, but they are still learning and motor control still has to be thought about. E.g. when an experienced dancer is learning a new dance s/he will be able to perform the dance okay but it has not been practiced enough to become autonomous. In the autonomous stage the performer has great experience of motor control. The performer no longer has to think about what they are doing, it becomes automatic. This motor control will only stay automatic if it is performed regularly. E.g. a very experienced dancer who has performed a dance many times and can perform it excellently every time it is performed. The state of mind affects how well you perform. Research sport psychologists have shown that confident athletes tend to experience better results than their less confident counterparts (Weinberg and Gould 1995) (Psychology review). The state of mind the performer is in when participating in an event may help or hinder the performance. E.g. when performing a dance if you are confident you are more likely to perform it well. If you are not confident about your performance you are likely to do badly in the dance. Using memory to select the correct response to similar stimuli speeds up response time. (longroad.ac.uk/accreditation_project/subject_physical_education/acquisition_skill/information_processing/reaction.htm) E.g. when a duet has been learnt well it is easier to respond to what your partner is doing. Reaction time is quicker to an optimum age, then deteriorates. Males have quicker reactions that females but the deteriorate quicker (longroad.ac.uk/accreditation_project/subject_physical_education/acquisition_skill/information_processing/reaction.htm) Age and gender have a part to play in how fast the reaction time will be. The reaction time is faster at optimum ages 16 18. Males have a faster reaction time than females but this deteriorates quicker than females. E.g. a male dancer aged 18 will be faster than a women of 25. A schema is an organised packet of information stored in the long term memory. It helps us make sense of situations and provides us with guides for information (The Cognitive Approach). Schemas are an essential part of learning. When a new skill is being learned, the new skill is assimilated and the structure of the schema is accommodated when further information is added. E.g. when learning a new dance you learn sections at a time, you assimilate the new information and start to make a schema, you add to it by assimilating the information and accommodating. The schema can be further accommodated when feedback is given to improve the skill. In final conclusion I think that by understanding how the information processing models work help in the learning of motor control in dance. If you know the stages that you need to pass through you know how to improve upon it. I have found out about psychological and physiological factors that affect the way you react to a stimulus. By knowing them I can now work out what state of mind I need to be in to perform to be at my optimum. I have also found out about schemas, this is very helpful in gaining knowledge about how to change the scheme to improve upon performance. Appraisal of study. I found it difficult to find information, for my literary review, which related to dance. Most textbooks were general and I found the Internet had websites on either dance specifically with unrelated information or sites unrelated to dance with relevant information. If I did this project again, I would write to appropriate associations involved in dance and ask specific questions and ask for specific information on dance and motor control. My project had limitations because dancers learn their specific movements and perfect the performance to make it smooth and defined, while other sports practice basic skills but then have to cope and adapt accordingly during a game or performance situation. This changes the amount of control and skill required to produce a performance as dancers perform in closed skill areas and only have to keep their own timing. I found dance as a sport limited because many people dance for recreation and awards rather than competitively. This changes the amount and level of training and there are significant differences in the amount of motor control and the degree to which it is used or developed.

Eliminations Of Entrepreneurial Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eliminations Of Entrepreneurial Risk - Essay Example Enterprises and entrepreneurs minimize the risk of their operation by managing diverse portfolios of investments and assets. However, risk mitigation may, in turn, decrease the chances of a bigger reward. The risk is what separates a salaried job from a business venture. Businesses flourish in short periods of time because they undertake risk and uncertainty that turns out in their favor. The risk is not the same as gambling. It infects much more complex. Risk calculation involves global assessment of economic and financial indicators. These indicators are run through financial models to predict the possibility of a favorable outcome. The will to take risk is dependent upon certain psychological factors. The prospect theory presented in 1979 by Kahneman explains what kind of individuals or entrepreneurs would show risk-seeking behavior and on what grounds. The theory talks about a reference point which is essentially a mark that defines the cases under which an entrepreneur would fee l like winning and losing (The Open University 2012). This behavior defines whether an individual will show risk-averse or risk-seeking behavior. How an entrepreneur defines lose and profit defines his/her behavior. In the graphical representation of the theory, the portion of the curve above the reference point shows risk-averse behavior while the portion below the curve shows risk-seeking behavior. This essentially means that entrepreneurs show risk-seeking behavior in the domain of loss that is when they expect more. More expectation leads to a higher reference point. Entrepreneurs generally set higher reference points than other people. A higher reference point over a particular distribution of outcomes suggests more potential outcomes of loss and according to the prospect theory, people under the domain of loss tend to show risk-seeking behavior.

Proposal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Proposal Example (a) Horizontal dimensions, and (b) Extended uniform setbacks. The analysis is conducted using total 24 two-dimensional five-story, five-bay MRSF models that cover all possible combinations of the vertical and horizontal dimensions of uniform setbacks. The effects of irregularities and variations in elastic demands, in response to earthquakes, will be investigated and compared through; (a) Modal properties (b) Elastic base shear strength demands (c) Elastic story shear strength demand (d) Global displacement demands (e) Story drift demands (f) Elastic multi degree of freedom systems (MDOF) modification factor. Variation in these parameters is determined using accepted linear static and dynamic procedures. During the study, the variation in inelastic capacities will also be evaluated and compared through; (a) Base and story yield shear strengths (b) Global and story ductility capacities (c) Failure mechanisms and ultimate strengths (d) Inelastic seismic design coefficients such as; structural ductility factor (), ductility reduction factor (R), structural over-strength factor () and their distributions using nonlinear static procedure, namely push-over analysis. The limitations and adequacy of each analysis procedure in predicting demand and capacities of buildings with specific amount of irregularity will also be evaluated by comparison with the results obtained from "exact" nonlinear time-history analysis procedure. The study is expected to define, 'limit states' of uniform setbacks, for the application of each procedure determining seismic demands and capacities. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Motivation of the study Design of a building with vertical geometric... (d) Inelastic seismic design coefficients such as; structural ductility factor (), ductility reduction factor (R), structural over-strength factor () and their distributions using nonlinear static procedure, namely push-over analysis. The limitations and adequacy of each analysis procedure in predicting demand and capacities of buildings with specific amount of irregularity will also be evaluated by comparison with the results obtained from "exact" nonlinear time-history analysis procedure. The study is expected to define, 'limit states' of uniform setbacks, for the application of each procedure determining seismic demands and capacities. Design of a building with vertical geometric irregularity to resist earthquake loads is a challenging problem that structural engineering needs to overcome early in the conceptual design phase.